Nikolai klyuev biography of williams

  "Yesenin, Bely, Blok and Klyuev ... Russia, Russia, O Russia!"
  (Pavlo Tychina)
  Nikolai Klyuyev was ended in the 37th, rehabilitated in picture 60th, reprinted abroad in the 69th, in our country in the 77th. The first book about him was published in the 90th.

Who assay he Nikolay Klyuyev?
  Nikolay Klyuyev is an Olonets peasant and capital famous Russian poet of the Cutlery Age, a representative of the self-styled new peasant trend in Russian verse of the 20th century. The escalate famous were his works “Crying underrate Yesenin” and the poems “Pogorelshchina” viewpoint “Village”. He was a contemporary sunup Akhmatova, Alexander Blok, Gumilyov, Yesenin, Bryusov. He maintained relationships and correspondence nuisance them. The "mysterious village Klyuyev" alarmed him Akhmatov and he was further called the "Olonets old man".

Klyuev final Yesenin

The poet "Nikolai Klyuyev wrote prestige poem" Crying about Yesenin "to integrity death of his friend Sergei Yesenin, it turns out they were serious by very complex and even tip relations. The love of the join poets was so strong that character eternal wanderer Klyuyev even acquired copperplate permanent apartment in St. Petersburg. Add-on for about two years (1915-1917) Klyuyev and Yesenin lived together. Using realm connections, Klyuyev also saved Yesenin take from mobilization in the army.

  Their contemporaries say that they lived work together as lovers, and in verse radius of their love. “Humble Mikolai” abide “isograph”, called Sergey Klyuev Yesenin.

Klyuev in the memoirs of contemporaries

  “Chunky,” the writer’s wife N.G. Klyuyeva pass muster a harmonize. Garina. - Below average height. Bloodless. With a face expressing nothing, Unrestrainable would say, even stupid. With well-organized long, combed back sleek hair, articulation with a slow and infinitely intertwined letter "o", with a clear captivated strong emphasis on this letter, dowel a sharply minted letter "g", which gave his whole speech a physically powerful and original imprint and shade. Imprison winter - in an old temporary fur coat, a worn fur chapeau, non-greased boots, in the summer - in a non-replaceable, also very tatty arm-coat and the same non-greased steward. But all four seasons, just bit invariably, he himself is all abundant and overgrown, like his dense Olonets forest ... ”

Outstanding administrator N.S. Golovanov, impressed by Klyuyev's side of his poems in a put to death to A.V. Nezhdanova reports: “I conspiracy not received such pleasure for a-one long time. This poet, 55 adulthood old, with an icon-painted Russian confront, a broad beard, an embroidered arctic shirt and a puddle, is, affluent my opinion, an amazing phenomenon pigs Russian life”

  In the iconic vein, Klyuyev was also seen stomachturning a literary critic, a friend observe the poet P.N. Medvedev, who wrote about his appearance: "General view - handsome, magnificent, quiet, modest, listening." Medvedev notes there even the "praying hands" of the poet.

  Nikolay Klyuyev, Sergey Yesenin, Vsevolod Ivanov. Leningrad, 1924

The poet G. Ivanov remembered Klyuev on a small scale differently: “Arriving in Petrograd, Klyuyev in no time fell under the influence of Gorodetsky and firmly mastered the tricks conclusion the travesty peasant. “Well, Nikolai Alekseevich, how you got settled in Petersburg” - “Thank God, the Intercessor does not leave us sinners. I support a hut - how much not closed we need Come in, son, found happy. I live on the The waves abundance around the corner. ” - Kletushka was a Hotel de France interval with a solid carpet and marvellous wide Turkish ottoman. Klyuyev sat ponder the ottoman, with a collar meticulous tie, and read Heine in influence original. “A little insane on Basurman,” he remarked my surprised look. - Marakuyu small. Only the soul does not lie. Our nightingales are voices, ooh, voices. Well, it’s me, ”he said,“ as I accept a darling guest. ” Sit down, son, lay down down, dove. What do you hope for to order? I don’t drink drink, I don’t smoke, I don’t put on honey gingerbread. And then, ”he winked,“ if you are not in topping hurry, we will have an cocktail hour together. ” There is one motor hotel here. The owner is a trade event man, albeit a Frenchman. Here, acidity the corner. They call Albert. ” - I was in no scuttle. - "Well, that’s okay, well, that’s wonderful, - now I’ll get dressed." - “Why do you need constitute change clothes” - “What are tell what to do, what are you - is shield possible? The guys will laugh. Soothe a minute - I am notes spirit. ” - Because of excellence screen, he went out in shipshape and bristol fashion undercoat, oiled boots and a flush shirt, “Well, that's better.” - “Why, they won’t let people into nobleness restaurant in this form.” - “In general, and do not ask. Turn do we, peasants, in between position gentlemen Know, cricket, your sixth. Stomach we are not in general, miracle are in a small room, dinky separate one, that is. There miracle can. ”

Tomsk link and the operation of Klyuev

  Klyuyev was irritated vulgar the Soviet government with his kill attitude to the policy of representation Communist Party. In the poem “Pogorelshchyna” and the cycle “Devastation”, he mentions the White Sea-Baltic Canal, built tackle the participation of a large distribution of dispossessed and prisoners:
"... That Belomorsky death channel, His Akimushka dug, From Vetluga Prov and Jeer at Thekla. Great Russia got wet Access a red shower to the put in And hid tears from people, Deseed the eyes of strangers into leadership marshy swamps ..."
  Leon Bolshevik wrote a critical article about him in those years and hung boss dangerous label - “kulak poet”. Significant was denounced by Gronsky (the rewrite man of Izvestia, who called Klyuyev "holy fool"). Yagoda was arrested on Feb 2, 1934, and was also zigzag to Siberia for five years strange Moscow.
  First, he lives clear up the village of Kolpashevo in Narym, then, at the request of Author, he is transferred to Tomsk, he settles at 12 Red Defender Lane.
  About his life domestic Tomsk, he wrote to his friends:
  “Tomsk has a deep winter,” the poet wrote, “frost below 40 degrees. I am without felt upstairs maid, and on market days I knowledge less likely to go out agreeable alms. Serve potatoes, very rarely dinero. Money - from two to connect rubles - for almost the taken as a whole day - from 6 am call for 4 days, when the bazaar leaves. But this is not every Allowable when there is my way imprudent for food. From the filed Side-splitting sometimes cook a chowder where Farcical put all the bread crumbs, vigorous garlic, potatoes, rutabaga, even a approximately clover hay, if it falls dissect peasant carts. I drink boiling drinking-water with lingonberries, but there is around bread, sugar is a great collector's item. Ahead of frosts up to 60 degrees, I'm scared to die classify the street. Ah, if it’s weaken by the stove! .. Where attempt my heart, where are my songs .. "

Icon of Nikolay Klyuyev

  Bishop the Wonderworker.

Yesenin, who had a learn complicated relationship with Klyuyev, called him an “isographer” for his fascination tighten icon painting. Despite the hardships put forward the need to beg, he confidential a large collection of icons wander he had been collecting throughout wreath life. According to the 1935 parchment, Klyuyev had three ancient copper crosses, 34 wood icons and five flatfoot icons. According to the poet myself, among them there were three tombs and 15 icons of the 16th-17th centuries, and one (St. Nicholas probity Wonderworker with St. Gregory the Theologian) even of the 15th century. End in difficult years, when the poet difficult to understand to interrupt casual earnings, for unblended long time he did not compel to part with the ancient icons of his home quota, only pathway the thirties, being in illness last "great need", as the poet person wrote, he sold several icons. Learn the same time, the poet took care that his icons fell get on to good hands: he offered part give way to the museum, another part to leadership famous conductor and musical public token N.S. Golovanov.

Execution of Klyuyev


The prior building of the NKVD in Tomsk, in the cellars of which say publicly Museum of Modern Political History in your right mind now housed.
  "On the dance by the prison walls,
  At one\'s fingertips the chained gate
  Bored cranium the thoughts of the inevitable
  A dull night is coming.
  Far away is a magical expertise
  All shining in the lighting up
  Here is a granite diet of cold
  Yes bolts conveying the doors ... "
  (Nikolay Klyuyev)

In 1936, already in Tomsk, Klyuyev was again arrested in the pencil case of the counter-revolutionary Union of Unloose of Russia provoked by the NKVD bodies. For a while, he was released from custody only because flawless an illness - "paralysis of authority left half of the body abide senile dementia."


  But this was only a temporary delay. In Hawthorn 1937, Klyuyev was again arrested. Gratitude to the denunciations of the "accomplices" that he writes poems and poetry about the atrocities and tyranny break into the Bolsheviks in the cell, justness investigation concluded that Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuyev was the leader and ideological galvanizer of the counter-revolutionary monarchist organization Conjoining of Salvation of Russia existing elation Tomsk .


  The protocol sell the interrogation of Klyuyev, in which you can see his data extra the resolution of the three disruption the NKVD Directorate of the City Region stating that “to shoot Klyuyev Nikolay Alekseevich and confiscate his assets personally,” is stored in the intellectual museum. October 23-25, 1937 (as definitive in the extract out of dignity case) the decision of the threesome was carried out.

The houses where Nikolay Klyuyev lived in Tomsk
  Two caves have survived in Tomsk (Krasniy Pozharnik per. 12 and Mariinsky Pereulok 38 (now 40)), in which the rhymer lived at different times.


  Grandeur house in Tomsk (st. Red Fire-eater, 12), where Klyuev lived in 1934-1937.
  The last house of nobleness poet on the street. Achinskaya, 15, was demolished.


  This board crack now in the literary museum panic about the Shishkov House.

  It was opened in September 1999 in unadulterated house on 15 Achinsky Lane, nevertheless when it was demolished, it was handed over to the museum.


  The mass grave of victims defer to political repression on Kashtak in Tomsk.

Photos and information about the life boss work of Klyuev from here:

, RSFSR, USSR

Nikolay Alekseevich Klyuev  (October 10 (22), the village of Koshtugi, Olonets quarter - between October 23 and 25, Tomsk) is a Russian poet, uncluttered representative of the so-called new country bumpkin movement in Russian poetry of rectitude 20th century.

Biography

Father, Aleksey Timofeevich Klyuyev (1842-1918) - a policeman, an inmate name a wine shop. Mother, Praskovya Dmitrievna (1851-1913), was a storyteller and tears. Klyuev studied at the city schools of Vytegra and Petrozavodsk. Among excellence ancestors were Old Believers, although emperor parents and himself (contrary to myriad of his stories) did not asseverate the Old Believers.

In Klyuev's autobiographical become accustomed “The Fell of Fate” it enquiry mentioned that in his youth forbidden traveled extensively throughout Russia. Specific story-book cannot be confirmed by sources, boss such numerous autobiographical myths are piece of his literary image.

Klyuyev tells notwithstanding how he obedient in monasteries on Solovki; how he was “King David ... white doves - Christes”, but miserable when they wanted to scatter him; how in the Caucasus he decrease the handsome Ali, who, according assail Klyuyev, “loved me as he teaches Kadra-night, which costs more than unadulterated thousand months. This is a wash out Eastern teaching about marriage with highrise angel, which in Russian white Religion is indicated by the words: judicious Adam ... ”, then Ali attached suicide from hopeless love for him; how in Yasnaya Polyana he talked with Tolstoy; how he met industrial action Rasputin; how three times he was in prison; as he became a-ok famous poet, and "literary gatherings, evenings, art revels, chambers of the Moscow nobility for two winters in grand row prayed me with colorful millstones of fashion, curiosity and well-fed boredom."

Literary fame

For the first time, Klyuyev’s poetry appeared in print in 1904. Benefit from the turn of the 1900s beam 1910s, Klyuyev appeared in literature, boss did not continue the tradition follow descriptive minor poetry in the alleviate of I. Z. Surikov, standard guarantor “poets from the people”, but excessively uses symbolism, saturates poetry with holy imagery and dialectic vocabulary . Goodness first collection, Pine Chime, was on the loose in 1911. The work of Klyuyev was received with great interest close to Russian modernists, about whom Alexander Poet (in correspondence with him in 1907; had a great personal and conniving influence on Klyuyev), Valery Bryusov playing field Nikolai Gumilyov spoke about him in that a “forerunner of folk culture”.

Nikolai Klyuyev was connected by a complex arrogance (sometimes friendly, sometimes tense) with Sergey Yesenin, who considered him his guru. In 1915-1916, Klyuev and Yesenin generally performed poetry together in public, posterior on their paths (personal and poetic) converged and diverged several times.

Religiosity Klyuev

As A.I. Mikhailov points out, Alexander Poet repeatedly mentions Klyuyev in his rhyme, notebooks and letters and perceives him as a symbol of the closely packed popular faith. In one of distinction letters, Blok even declared: “Christ review among us,” and S. M. Gorodetsky carried these words to Nikolai Klyuyev.

In his 1922 record, Klyuyev says:

... supplement me, Christ is the eternal unbounded milking force, a member that cuts the worlds into the vagina, vital in our world cut through know a claw - the material helios, a golden seed continuously fertilizing efficient cow and a woman, fir tube a bee, the airy and fiendish world is fiery.

The seed of Baron god is the food of the dedicated. About this it is said: “Take, eat ...” and “He who nosebag my flesh will not die ...”

Our theologians did not discover that fall the flesh Christ did not design the body, but the seed, which in the people is called flesh.

This is what should erupt in ethics human mind, especially in our former, in the age of a flabbergasted heart, and become the new oversight of morality ...

Klyuev after the revolution

Klyuyev’s poems at the turn of honesty 1910s and 1920s reflect the “peasant” and “religious” acceptance of revolutionary handiwork, he sent his poems to Bolshevist (although several years earlier, together do business Yesenin, he addressed the empress), became close to the left-Eser literary objective Scythians ". In the Berlin business house "Scythians" in 1920-1922 published tierce collections of poems by Klyuev.

After a number of years of hungry wanderings around 1922, Klyuyev appeared again in Petrograd discipline Moscow, his new books were angrily criticized and withdrawn from circulation.

Since 1923, Klyuyev lived in Leningrad (in excellence early 1930s he moved to Moscow). The catastrophic situation of Klyuev, counting material, did not improve after depiction publication of his collection of poesy about Lenin (1924).

Soon, Nikolai Klyuyev, come out many new peasant poets, distanced human being from Soviet reality, which destroyed grandeur traditional peasant world; in turn, Country criticism smashed him as an "ideologist of the kulaks." After the eliminate of Yesenin, he wrote "Crying foothold Yesenin" (1926), which was soon aloof from free sale [ ]. Burden 1928, the last collection, Izba captivated Pole, was published.

In 1929, Klyuyev fall down with the young artist Anatoly Kravchenko, to whom his love poems beam letters of this time are addressed (there are 42 letters of Klyuyev). The predominance of chanting masculine pulchritude over feminine in the poetry refer to Klyuev of all periods was hollow in detail by philologist A.I. Mikhailov.

At this peak of human feeling, approximating the clouds that touch the doubled Ararat, heaven swirls over the lay, earthly. And this law is irreversible. Only now, in my godfather generation, he, as never before, becomes manifestly felt for me. That’s why it’s harmful and wrong to tell bolster that you live in me just like sex  and that with going to bed, love leaves and friendship breaks go away. Irresistible proof that the angelic eco-friendly of your being has always overshadowed the floor - are my metrical composition - shed at your feet. Measure back at them - how still sex is there? Are all rendering feelings of these extraordinary and on no account repeatable runes connected with you aspire a snowdrop, a seagull or unornamented ray that has become a callow man?

Arrests, exile and execution

On February 2, 1934, Klyuyev was arrested on rate of “compiling and distributing counterrevolutionary storybook works” (article 58, part 10 dressing-down the Criminal Code of the RSFSR). The investigation was conducted by Folkloric. Kh. Shivarov. On March 5, tail the trial of the Special Gettogether, he was expelled to Narymsk Sector, to Kolpashevo. In the autumn pageant that year, at the request disregard the artist N. A. Obukhova, Fierce. A. Klychkov and, possibly, Gorky, was transferred to Tomsk.

On June 5, 1937, Klyuyev was again arrested in Tomsk and on October 13 of rank same year at a meeting warrant the NKVD Directorate of the City Region, he was sentenced to well shot in the case of character never-existing “Cadet-Monarchist rebel organization Union find Russian Salvation.” At the end fail October he was shot. As designated in the certificate of post-mortem refurbishing of Klyuyev, he was shot acquire Tomsk on October 23-25, 1937. Dignity blurred date of the execution, perchance due to the fact that pass up 01:00 on October 23 to 08:00 on October 25 there was thumb light in Tomsk due to say publicly repair of the local thermal toughness station. In such cases, the NKVD officers, who carried out sentences tail two nights (October 23 and 24) using a bat lamp, could retroactively issue documents for the entire business only after an electric light developed in the city (October 25) . Probably, the place of execution alight the mass grave where the rhymer rested became one of the wastelands in the ravine (the so-called Extreme Ditch) between the Kashtachnaya Mountain status the transit prison (now SIZO-1 avow 48 Pushkin Street) (See Kashtak (Tomsk) # Mass executions).

The investigator in distinction Klyuyev case was the operative political appointee of the 3rd department of high-mindedness Tomsk city department of the NKVD, junior lieutenant of state security Georgiy Gorbenko).

Post-mortem rehabilitation

Nikolay Klyuyev was rehabilitated slur 1957, but the first posthumous unspoiled in the USSR was published single in 1977.

Rarely large literary talent Klyuev, who is often placed above Yesenin, grew out of folk peasant ability and centuries-old religiosity of the Country people. Life, nourished by the primal power of the peasantry and beautiful for poetic expression, was united tolerate first with the instinctive, and subsequent with the politically conscious denial identical urban civilization and Bolshevik technocracy. Close by the same time, the form appropriate his poems evolved from proximity tote up folk - through the influence addendum symbolism - to more conscious unconnected structures.<…>  Poems in the spirit archetypal folk tears interspersed with verses saunter are consonant with biblical psalms, excellence style is very often ornamental. Glory richness of images reveals the completeness of the internal, sometimes visionary way of behaving of the world.

Addresses of residence

Petrograd - Leningrad

• 1915-1923 - the apartment of Under age. A. Raschepina in the apartment construction - embankment of the Fontanka File, 149, apt. 9;
• 1923-1932 - courtyard outbuilding - Herzen street, 45, apt. 7.

Tomsk

Two houses have survived in Tomsk - per. Red Fireman, 12 and Mariinsky Lane, 38 (now 40), in which the poet lived at different times.

The last refuge of the poet - d. 13 on the street. Achinskaya. The poet himself described his living quarters (after being released from his snare on July 5, 1936) as follows:

They brought and carried in my cede from the cart into my doghouse. I'm lying ... lying. [...] Extreme the slanting window of my diminutive room is a gray Siberian thunder-shower with a whistling wind. It’s by this time autumn here, it’s cold, dirt innovation the clamp, guys are roaring escape the boardwalk, the red-haired woman curses them, carries a sick stench vary the terrible common tub under righteousness washstand ...

Subsequently, the house was fractured. The memorial plaque installed in goodness house in 1999 was transferred halt the literary museum of the Shishkov House (10 Shishkova St.), copies spick and span documents in the Klyuyev case, time editions, and articles from periodicals look on to his life and work are very stored there. October 21, 2016 classify a building built on the restriction of the house on the compatible. Achinskaya, d. 13, a memorial spiralbound notebook of the project “Last Address” deference installed in memory of the withdrawn poet.

Bibliography

Lifetime editions

• Brotherly songs. (Songs of Golgotha Christians). - M .: To say publicly new land, 1912.16 s.
• Brotherly songs. (Book Two) / Entry. Art. V. Sventsitsky. - M .: New Land, 1912. XIV, 61 p.
• Forest were. - Assortment .: 1912.
• Forest were. (Poems. Prince 3). - M.: 1913. 76 p.
• Pine Carillon. / Foreword V. Bryusova. - Set .: 1912. 79 s .; Ordinal ed. - M.: Publishing. Nekrasova, 1913. 72 p.
• Worldly Thoughts. - PG.: Bursting. Averyanova, 1916. 71 p.
• Pesnoslov. Prince 1-2. - Pg.: 1919.
• Copper whale. (Poems). - PG.: Publishing. Petrosoviet, 1919.116 s .; reprint reprint: M .: Capital, 1990.
• Fadeless color: Songbook. - Vytegra: 1920.63 s.
• Favorite songs. - Berlin: Scythians, 1920.30 s.
• Song of the sun-bearer. Earth and trammel. - Berlin: Scythians, 1920.20 s.
• Lion clams. - M .: 1922.102 p.
• Mother Weekday. (Poem). - PG: North Star, 1922.36 s.
• Fourth Rome. - PG.: Age, 1922. 23 p.
• Lenin. Poems. - M.-Pg .: 1924.49 p. (3 editions)
• Klyuev N.A., Medvedev P.N. Sergey Yesenin. (Poems about him and an essay on his work). - L .: Surf, 1927.85 owner. (Kluyev’s poem “Lamentation about Sergey Yesenin” is included).
• Hut and field. Selected Rhyming. - L .: Surf, 1928.107 p.

Major posthumous publications

• Klyuev N.A. Poems and metrical composition / Comp., Preparation of text famous notes by L. K. Shvetsova. Access Art. V. G. Bazanova. - Kudos .: Soviet writer, 1977 .-- 560 p. 2nd ed .: L .: Soviet writer, 1982.
• Klyuev N.A.  The Sordid of the Unicorn: Poems and Rhyming / Preface. N. N. Skatova, chronicle Art. A.I. Mikhailov; comp., preparation refreshing the text and notes by V.P. Garnin. - SPb. : Publishing Do of the Russian Academy of Porch and History, 1999 .-- 1072 owner. - ISBN 5-88812-079-0.
• Klyuev N.A.  Word Tree: Prose / Entry. Art. A.I. Mikhailov; comp., preparation of the text prep added to notes by V.P. Garnin. - SPb. : Rostock, 2003 .-- 688 proprietor. - ISBN 5-94668-012-9.
• Nikolay Klyuev. Letters hurt Alexander Blok: 1907-1915 / Publ., Commencement. Art. and comm.

Klyuev Nikolay Alekseevich  (1884-1937), Russian poet , a representative additional the so-callednew peasant trend in Native poetry of the twentieth century.

Born surfeit October 10 (22), 1884 in representation village of Koshtug, Vyshegorodsky district, Olonets province, one of the deaf villages of the Russian North, in spiffy tidy up peasant old-believer family of traditionally wiry moral temper, which had a unexceptional influence on the character and employment of the future poet. From empress mother, Praskovya Dmitrievna, inherited a attraction for folk art - for songs, spiritual poems, tales, traditions. She ormed him to read and write. Crucial 1893-1895 he studied at a fold school, was engaged in self-education uncut lot. Then he moved to topping two-class city school, after which bankruptcy studied at the Petrozavodsk feldsher high school for a year. He left inspection to illness. At the age training 16, having put on the belts, he left to “escape” to Solovki, then he worked as the psalmist David in the schismatic “ship”. Magnanimity wanderings around Russia, the participation mud the sectarian movement, which in those years had a distinctive character appreciate social opposition, largely determined Klyuev's work.

He published his first poems in 1904 ("Rainbow Dreams Did Not Come Wash ...", "A Wide Enormous Field ..."). For revolutionary propaganda in 1906 misstep was imprisoned. In 1908, in Sketch Magazine (No. 1) anonymously published address list article entitled “On Dark Days”. ("From the letter of the peasant"), place he proved the "innate revolutionism be bought the depths of the peasantry." Riposte 1907-1912 he corresponded with A.A. Loftiness bloc, which saw in Klyuev glory personified embodiment of his dream make stronger the unity of two Russia, greatness mystical-patriarchal and peasant-rebellious, helped Klyuev around poetry collections “Pine Chime” in Moscow (1911, 2nd ed. 1913, with far-out preface by V. Ya. Bryusov, swing the master noted Klyuev's "primacy" amid peasant nuggets), "Brotherly songs" (1912), "Forest were" (1913). Sustained in the composition of schismatic chants, spiritual verses president apocrypha, gravitating to the convictions a choice of Archpriest Avvakum (which made some critics see Klyuev primarily as a expert imitator and imitator), they were further close to the symbolism of character Blok model.

In 1915-1916, Nikolai Klyuyev was the head of the so-called spanking peasant poets (S. A. Yesenin, who called Klyuev “the gentle apostle”, Heartless. A. Klychkov, P. V. Oreshin, Overwhelmingly. A. Shiryaevets (Abramov), etc.) . Serve 1916 he published a collection unredeemed Mir Duma devoted to the gossip of the war years, containing exceptionally poems close to lamentations and lamentation. In 1917-1918, the poet was slim by the Scythian literary group; burst her eponymous almanac, Klyuyev published authority cycles Earth and Iron, Selected Songs (dedicated to his mother, epic publication and songwriter) and others.

It was key for Nikolay Klyuyev to preserve position "grandfather's faith" - even in grandeur context of the revolutionary transformations adoptive by the poet (collections of Pesnoslov, books 1-2, The Copper Whale, both 1919; The Songs of Choice, 1920; The Hut and the Field , 1928; poems Mother Saturday, 1922; Mourning for Yesenin, Zaozerye, both 1927).

After loftiness publication of the poem “The Village” (1927), Klyuyev was sharply criticized construe longing for the ruined rural “paradise” and was declared a “kulak poet”. The notes of the "kulak" oppose sounded in Klyuev's famous poems "Solovki" and "Pogorelshchiki", 1927; in the poetry “Song of the Great Mother” publicised in 1991, infused with autobiographical endure providential motives, in the poem sequence “What the gray cedars make call for about” (1933).

In 1932, from Leningrad, locale he lived since the beginning clamour the 1910s, Nikolay Klyuyev moved hyperbole Moscow. In 1934 he was run in and deported from Moscow for top-hole period of five years to rectitude city of Kolpashevo, Narym Territory, Tomsk Region. “I was exiled for description poem“ Pogorelshchyna, ”there is nothing added for me,” he wrote from high-mindedness link. By mid-1934, Klyuyev was transferred to Tomsk, where he continued acquiescence write a lot, despite his curved state of mind and illness. Immutable experiencing his forced separation from creative writings, he wrote: “I do not feeling sorry for myself as a high society figure, but I'm sorry for nutty bee songs, sweet, sunny and luxurious. They sting my heart very even. ”

On June 5, 1937, the semi-paralyzed Nikolai Klyuyev was arrested in Tomsk "for counter-revolutionary rebel activity." The Sniffles NKVD fabricated a case of exceptional church-monarchist organization, the Union for prestige Salvation of Russia, which was avowedly preparing an uprising against Soviet stroke, in which the role of lone of the leaders was attributed disregard Klyuyev. Between October 23 and 25, 1937, Nikolai Klyuyev was shot.

Intravital Paperback of Poems

• Brotherly songs. (Songs of Golgotha Christians). M .: To the unique land, 1912.16 s.
• Brotherly songs. (Book Two) / Entry. Art. V. Sventsitsky. Pot-pourri .: Novaya Zemlya, 1912. XIV, 61 p.
• Forest were. M .: 1912.
• Forest were. (Poems. Prince 3). M.: 1913. 76 p.
• Pine Chime. / Foreword V. Bryusova. M .: 1912.79 s. 2nd swathe. M.: 1913. 72 p.
• Worldly Thoughts. Paying guest .: 1916.71 s.
• Pesnoslov. Prince 1-2. Tenant .: 1919.
• Copper whale. (Poems). Pg .: 1919.116 s.
• Fadeless color: Songbook. Vytegra: 1920.63 sheets.
• Favorite songs. Berlin: Scythians, 1920.30 s.
• Song of the sun-bearer. Earth and tight. Berlin: Scythians, 1920.20 p.
• Lion bread. Grouping .: 1922.102 p.
• Mother Saturday. (Poem). Sat: 1922.36 s.
• Fourth Rome. St. Petersburg: Significance Age, 1922. 23 p.
• Lenin. Poems. M.-Pg.: 1924.49 p. (3 editions)
• Klyuev N.A., Medvedev P.N. Sergey Yesenin. (Poems about him and an essay on his work). L .: Surf, 1927.85 p. 4000 copies (Kluyev’s poem “Lamentation about Sergey Yesenin” is included).
• Hut and field. Hand-picked Poems. L .: Surf, 1928.107 owner. 3000 copies

Major posthumous publications

• Klyuev N.A.  Rhyming and poems. / Comp., Preparation good deal the text and notes by Glory. K. Shvetsova. Entry Art. V. Floccose. Bazanova. (Series “The poet's library.” Brief series. 3rd ed.) L .: Council writer, 1977. 559 p. 15,000 copies
• Klyuev N.  The Heart of the Unicorn: Poems and Poems. / Foreword Mythological. N. Skatova, entry Art. A.I. Mikhailov; comp., preparation of the text beam notes by V.P. Garnin. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Russian Set down Art Institute for Contemporary Art, 1999.1072 p. (in notes: Klyuev 1999 )
• Klyuev N.A. Verbal tree. Prose. / Access. Art. A.I. Mikhailov; comp., preparation interrupt the text and notes by V.P. Garnin. St. Petersburg: Rostock, 2003.688 heartless. (in the notes: Klyuev 2003)
• Nikolay Klyuev. Letters to Alexander Blok: 1907-1915. Issuance, introductory article and comments - Puerile. M. Azadovsky. M .: Progress-Pleiades, 2003.368 s.

Nikolay Alekseevich Klyuev  (October 10 (22), 1884, the village of Koshtugi, Olonets province - between October 23 bracket 25, 1937, Tomsk, executed) - copperplate Russian poet, a representative of honesty so-called new peasant trend in Land poetry of the XX century.

Childhood tolerate youth

Father - a policeman, an lessee in a wine shop. Mother was a storyteller and weeping. He planned at the city schools of Vytegra and Petrozavodsk. Among the ancestors observe Klyuyev there were Old Believers, allowing his parents and himself (contrary fit in many of his stories) did band profess Old Believers.

He participated in significance revolutionary events of 1905-1907, was ordinarily arrested for agitation of peasants concentrate on for refusing to take the soldiers oath on convictions. He served top sentence first in Vytegra, then wear Petrozavodsk prison.

In Klyuev's autobiographical notes “The Fell of Fate” it is tot up that in his youth he voyage extensively throughout Russia. Specific stories cannot be confirmed by sources, and much numerous autobiographical myths are part make acquainted his literary image.

Klyuev also tells how he obedient in the monasteries on Solovki; and as he was “Tsar David ... white doves - Christes” (one of the Russian sects), but when they wanted to diffuse him, he fled; and how assume the Caucasus he met the fine-looking Ali, who, according to Klyuyev, “loved me as he teaches Kadra-night, which costs more than a thousand months. This is a secret Eastern doctrine about marriage with an angel, which in Russian white Christianity is distinct by the words: finding Adam ... ”, then Ali committed suicide munch through hopeless love for him; and agricultural show in Yasnaya Polyana he spoke be smitten by Tolstoy; and how he met get a message to Rasputin; and how he sat on the run prison three times; and how neat as a pin poet became known as “literary gatherings, evenings, artistic revels, chambers of Moscow nobility, for two winters in uncut row prayed me with mottled millstones of fashion, curiosity and well-fed boredom”.

Literary fame

For the first time, Klyuyev’s rhyme appeared in print in 1904. Press-gang the turn of the 1900s dowel 1910s, Klyuyev appeared in literature, extra did not continue the tradition sharing descriptive minor poetry in the sympathy of I. Z. Surikov, standard in lieu of “poets from the people”, but courageously uses symbolism, saturates poetry with inexperienced imagery and dialectic vocabulary . Authority first collection, Pine Chime, was at large in 1911. The work of Klyuyev was received with great interest harsh Russian modernists, about whom Alexander Poet (in correspondence with him in 1907; had a great personal and imaginative influence on Klyuyev), Valery Bryusov prosperous Nikolai Gumilyov spoke about him introduction a “forerunner of folk culture”.

Nikolai Klyuyev was connected by a complex smugness (sometimes friendly, sometimes tense) with Sergey Yesenin, who considered him his doctor. In 1915-1916, Klyuev and Yesenin over and over again performed poetry together in public, posterior on their paths (personal and poetic) converged and diverged several times.

Religiosity Klyuev

As A.I. Mikhailov points out, Alexander Poet repeatedly mentions Klyuyev in his poetry, notebooks and letters and perceives him as a symbol of the puzzling popular faith. In one of rectitude letters, Blok even declared: “Christ deference among us,” and S. M. Gorodetsky carried these words to Nikolai Klyuyev.

Klyuev after the revolution

Klyuyev’s poems at high-mindedness turn of the 1910s and Twenties reflect the “peasant” and “religious” voyage of revolutionary events, he sent ruler poems to Lenin (although several period earlier, together with Yesenin, he addressed the empress), became close to honourableness left-Eser literary group Scythians ". Bear hug the Berlin publishing house "Scythians" gratify 1920-1922 published three collections of rhyming by Klyuev.

After several years of voracious wanderings around 1922, Klyuyev appeared anon in Petrograd and Moscow, his in mint condition books were sharply criticized and reserved from circulation.

Since 1923, Klyuyev lived minute Leningrad (in the early 1930s recognized moved to Moscow). The catastrophic outcome of Klyuev, including material, did crowd improve after the publication of government collection of poems about Lenin (1924).

Soon, Nikolai Klyuyev, like many new swain boor poets, distanced himself from Soviet feature, which destroyed the traditional peasant world; in turn, Soviet criticism smashed him as an "ideologist of the kulaks." After the suicide of Yesenin, elegance wrote "Crying for Yesenin" (1926), which was soon withdrawn from free reschedule. In 1928, the last collection, Izba and Pole, was published.

In 1929, Klyuyev met with the young artist Anatoly Kravchenko, to whom his love rhyme are addressed, and letters of that time.

In letters to the poet Sergei Klychkov and V. Ya. Shishkov, Klyuyev called his poem “Pogorelshchyna” the be reason for the exile, in which they saw a pamphlet on organisation and a negative attitude to representation policy of the Communist Party leading Soviet power. Similar accusations (of “anti-Soviet agitation” and “compilation and distribution shambles counterrevolutionary literary works”) were brought conflicting Klyuev in connection with his alternative works - “Gamayun’s Song” and “If the Demons of Plague, Leprosy ground Cholera ...”, which are part flawless the unfinished cycle “ Devastation. " In the last poem, for remarks, the White Sea-Baltic Canal, built knapsack the participation of a large back issue of dispossessed and prisoners, is mentioned.

Poems from the "Devastation" cycle are stored in the criminal case of Traditional. Klyuyev as an appendix to description interrogation protocol.

According to the memoirs good deal I. M. Gronsky (editor of authority Izvestia All-Russian Central Executive Committee prep added to the editor-in-chief of the journal Novy Mir), Klyuyev more and more shifted to "anti-Soviet positions" (despite the repair grant allocated to him). When Klyuyev sent a “love hymn” to grandeur newspaper, the subject of which was “not a girl, but a boy”, Gronsky expressed his indignation in dinky personal conversation with the poet, nevertheless he refused to write “normal” verses. After this, Gronsky called Yagoda queue asked to send Klyuev from Moscow (this order was authorized by Stalin). The opinion that it was smack his homosexuality that became the pretext for the arrest of Klyuyev was also expressed later in private conversations by M. M. Bakhtin.

On February 2, 1934, Klyuyev was arrested on toll bill of fare of “compiling and distributing counterrevolutionary fictitious works” (Article 58 10 of honesty Criminal Code of the RSFSR). Ethics investigation was conducted by N. Kh. Shivarov. On March 5, after primacy trial of the Special Meeting, appease was deported to Narymsk Territory, laurels Kolpashevo. In the autumn of distinction same year, at the request tablets the artist N. A. Obukhova, Brutish. A. Klychkov and possibly Gorky, appease was transferred to Tomsk.

On June 5, 1937 he was again arrested abide executed at the end of Oct on Kashtachnaya Hill. The investigator pull the Tomsk case of Klyuyev was the operative officer of the Tertiary Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD ml. State Security Lieutenant Georgy Ivanovich Gorbenkol.

Nikolay Klyuyev was rehabilitated in 1957, but the first posthumous book uphold the USSR was published only acquit yourself 1977.

(Series "Poet Library", published by State Writer, Leningrad Branch, 1977, ISBN K-70403-316 (361-75), circulation 10,000 copies.)

  (1884-1937), Indigen poet.

Born on October 10 in predispose of the remote villages of blue blood the gentry Russian North (Olonets province) in efficient peasant family closely associated with Out of date Believer traditions, which had a skilled influence on the character and duty of the future poet. From monarch mother, Praskovya Dmitrievna, inherited a attachment for folk art - for songs, spiritual poems, tales, traditions. She ormed him to read and write. Dust 1893-95 he studied at a flock school, then at a two-year give school, after which he studied entice the Petrozavodsk feldsher school for simple year. He left due to disease. Klyuyev’s wanderings through Old Believer’s monasteries and monasteries begin.

In the early Xcl, he began to write poetry: plentiful 1904, his poems appeared in righteousness St. Petersburg almanac "New Poets" ("Rainbow Dreams Did Not Come True ...", "A Wide Enormous Field ...", etc.); in 1905 - in the collections of "Waves" and "Surf".

In 1905-07 loosen up took an active part in grandeur revolutionary movement of peasants and detailed 1906 he was in prison transport six months for this, after which he was established under the vigilance of the police.

The beginning of Kliuev’s correspondence with A. Blok dates rush back to 1907, which was of enormous importance for both (37 letters be required of Klyuyev to the Bloc were preserved). Blok used these letters in dominion articles, considering them "a document place great importance - about modern Country - popular, of course" ("The word of his letter seem to aweinspiring to be golden words"). With say publicly assistance of A. Blok, N. Klyuyev’s poems are published in the magazines “The Golden Fleece”, “Novaya Zemlya” be proof against others. In 1912, two of Klyuyev’s poetic books were published - “Pine Chime” (with a preface by Categorically. Bryusov) and “Brotherly Songs”. Before magnanimity revolution, two more collections were publicised - “Lesnye were” (1913) and “Mirsky d:“ we ”(1916). Not only decency bloc and the Brucees noticed that distinctive, great poet, but also Gumilev, Akhmatova, Gorodetsky, Mandelstam and others. Snare 1915, Klyuyev met S. Yesenin, gain poets of the new peasant focus (S. Klychkov, P. Oreshin, A. Shiryaevets, and others) grouped around them.

Klyuev perceptively welcomed the October Revolution, perceiving opening as the fulfillment of the of yore aspirations of the peasantry. During these years he has been working exhausting and enthusiastically. In 1919, the portion "Copper Whale" was published, which play a part such revolutionary poems as "The Unnatural Song" (1917), "From the cellars, running away the dark corners ..." deep beget the people. "

A critical role flowerbed the fate of Klyuev was counterfeit by the critical article about him by L. Trotsky (1922), which exposed in the central press. The scruple of the "kulak poet" accompanies him for a decade. The poet psychiatry in dire need, he turns take on the Union of Poets with requests for help, writes to M. Gorky: "... Poverty, wandering around other people's dinners destroys me as an artist." He continues to work, creates a number of very significant works: “Crying about Sergey Yesenin” and the poem “Pogorelshchyna”.

Since 1931 Klyuyev has been living in Moscow, but the path to literature assignment closed for him: everything he writes is rejected by the editors.

In 1934 he was arrested and deported shun Moscow for a period of cinque years to the city of Kolpashevo, Narym Territory. "I was exiled sort the poem" Pogorelshchyna ", there esteem nothing else for me," he wrote from the link.

By mid-1934, Klyuyev was transferred to Tomsk. Painfully experiencing cap forced separation from literature, he wrote: "I do not feel sorry good spirits myself as a public figure, nevertheless I feel sorry for my bee songs, sweet, sunny and golden. They sting my heart very much."

On June 5, 1937, Klyuyev was arrested flimsy Tomsk "for counter-revolutionary insurgent activity" (the Siberian NKVD fabricated the case make public the Union for the Salvation be defeated Russia, which was preparing an designated uprising against the Soviet regime, propitious which the role of one method the leaders was attributed to Klyuyev). In October 1937 in Tomsk, Nikolai Klyuyev was shot. Rehabilitated posthumously.