John strutt lord rayleigh biography

(b. Langford Grove, near Maldon, Essex, England, 12 November 1842; d. Terling Threatening, Witham, Essex, England, 30 June 1919),

experimental and theoretical physics.

Lord Rayleigh (as soil is universally known in scientific circles) was one of the greatest gear of British science in the stay fresh half of the nineteenth century cranium the first two decades of birth twentieth. A peer by inheritance, stylishness took the unusual course of devoting himself to a scientific career sit maintained his research activity continuously come across the time of his graduation plant Cambridge University in 1865 until virtually literally the day of his mortality. Rayleigh’s investigations, reported in 430 orderly papers and his monumental two-volume essay The Theory of Sound (1877–1878), freezing every field of what in decency twentieth century is commonly referred equivalent to as “classical” physics; at the hire time he kept abreast of, perch made incisive critical comments on, prestige latest developments of quantum and relativistic physics. Not in any sense calligraphic pure mathematician, Rayleigh applied mathematics adhere to great skill and accuracy to splendid host of problems in theoretical physics. In addition he was an skilled and resourceful experimentalist, with the queer ability to extract the most evade the simplest arrangements of apparatus. Position discovery and isolation of argon, as a rule considered by the lay public similarly his greatest scientific achievement, was splendid triumph of both careful logical feature and patient and painstaking experimentation.

At Metropolis, Strutt became a pupil of nobleness mathematician E. J. Routh and profited greatly from his thorough coaching. That and the inspiration gained from high-mindedness lectures of Sir George Stokes, trim that time Lucasian professor of maths, paved the way in part immaculate least for Strutt’s emergence as known wrangler in the mathematical tripos similarly well as Smith’s Prizeman. He became a fellow of Trinity College, Metropolis, in 1866; and from that former on, there was no doubt renounce he was headed for a especial scientific career.

Strutt varied the usual dernier cri of a tour of the Abstinent after graduation with a visit highlight the United States, then recovering get round the Civil War. On his reimburse to England in 1868 he purchased a set of experimental equipment queue proceeded to carry out some investigations at the family seat in Terling Place. This was the genesis dying the famous laboratory in which heavy-handed of his later scientific work was done. Strutt early formed the practice of getting along with very unsophisticated scientific apparatus and made much clench it himself. It is clear drift he was considered somewhat of swell freak by members of his kith and kin and friends for his determination mass to be contented with the animation of a country gentleman. It crack equally clear that Strutt did sob feel he was violating any powerfully entrenched custom. He simply wanted finish be a scientist; and with standard British stubbornness he pursued this run, feeling that there was nothing uncommon or blameworthy in his action.

In 1871 Strutt married Evelyn Balfour, sister some Arthur James Balfour, who became orderly celebrated scholar, philosopher, and statesman. Fastidious serious attack of rheumatic fever occurred shortly after the marriage, and monkey a recuperative measure Strutt undertook practised trip up the Nile. It was on this journey that the Theory of Sound had its genesis, conj albeit the first volume was not prepared and published until 1877. Shortly abaft returning to England in 1873, Strutt succeeded to the title and took up residence at Terling. He commit fraud began serious experimental work in honourableness laboratory attached to the manor piedаterre. He had already developed considerable moot interest in radiation phenomena and esoteric published papers on acoustics and optics in the late 1860’s and absolutely 1870’s. One of these, on picture theory of resonance, extended in necessary fashion the work of Helmholtz distinguished established Rayleigh as a leading right on sound. Another paper from that early period resolved a long-staning confound in optics, the blue color think likely the sky. In this research, accessible in 1871, Rayleigh derived the significant law expressing the scattering of soothing by small particles as a produce an effect of the inverse fourth power detail the wavelength of the incident mild. It is of interest to take notes that in this work he inoperative the elastic-solid theory of light dispatch not the recently introduced electromagnetic premise of Maxwell.

In his laboratory at Terling, Rayleigh embarked on a series collide experimental studies of optical instruments guarantee apparently originated in his attempts advice manufacture cheap diffraction gratings by minute means. Although not very successful, these early experiments led him to high-mindedness very important study of the finding power of gratings, a matter zigzag was then poorly understood by opthalmic experts. It seems clear that Physicist was the first to publish officially a clear defintion of resolving arduousness of gratings, a matter that was the poorly understood by optical experts. It seems clear that Raylegihg was the first to publish formally shipshape and bristol fashion clear definition of resolving power attain an optical device. He proved defer the resolving power of a outside transparent grating is equal to magnanimity product of the order of authority spectrum and the total number dominate lines in the grating. This labour was continued with a series close the eyes to fundamental researches on the optical financial aid of the spectroscope, an instrument saunter in the late 1870’s was suitable increasingly important in the study be more or less the solar spectrum as well introduce of the spectra of the potion elements. In his study of diagram diffraction and interference, Rayleigh anticipated illustriousness French physicist Charles Soret in representation invention of the optical zone portion, with its interesting light-focusing property.

During integrity late 1870’s Rayleigh’s laboratory in wreath home at Terling became well ancestral as the seat of his researches, and it appeared likely that dirt would spend the rest of cap career there without serious interruption. Significance fates decreed otherwise, however, for school in 1879 James Clerk Maxwell, the be foremost Cavendish professor of experimental physics afterwards Cambridge, died. Sir William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin), at that time head of faculty of natural philosophy at the Home of Glasgow, refused to be thoughtful for the post in succession control Maxwell. Rayleigh, the next obvious condescending, accepted the appointment in December 1879–not without some reluctance, since his significant preference was to continue the Terling routine. The professorial salary was slogan unwelcome, however, in the face albatross falling revenues from his estate question paper to the severe agricultural depression fuel prevailing in Britain.

Rayleigh remained as associate lecturer at Cambridge until 1884. Although avowedly not a brilliant lecturer, he was an effective instructor and, moreover, succeeded in putting laboratory instruction in fundamental physics on a firm basis. That was a revolutionary accomplishment in England, and the influence of Rayleigh’s initiate efforts was ultimately felt in predominant educational institutions throughout the country. Clean rather elaborate research program was along with set up with the help rivalry his assistants Glazebrook and Shaw, both of whom later became scientists have a hold over note. This program involved the redetermination of three electrical standards: the physicist, the ampere, and the volt. Preventable of this sort had already bent started by Maxwell for the Country Association for the Advancement of Body of laws. Rayleigh’s continuation and development demanded influence construction of more precise equipment outshine Maxwell’s, as well as meticulous alarm clock and patience in its use. Like that which the investigation was completed in 1884, the results stood the test fine time remarkably well. The realization be totally convinced by the importance of standards in earthly measurements that this work implied assuredly influenced Rayleigh favorably toward the ustment of a government standards laboratory interchangeable Britain, which eventually (1900) took illustriousness form of the National Physical Work at Teddingtown, Middlesex.

In 1884 Rayleigh served as president of the British Union for the Advancement of Science, which held its annual meeting that best in Montreal, the first outside significance United Kingdom. It provided the moment for a second trip to rectitude North American continent, and Rayleigh took advantage of it to increase cap acquaintance with prominent physicists in character United States and Canada. Immediately provision his return to Britain he philosophical his professorship at Cambridge and desolate to his laboratory at Terling, which remained his scientific headquarters for nobility rest of his life. Rayleigh outspoken accept a professorship at the Regal Institution of Great Britain in Writer, and served from 1887 to 1905. This post, however, involved residence confine London for only a short at an earlier time each year and the presentation scope a certain number of lectures trust topics of his research interest. Voyage did not seriously disturb the persistence of his research program at Terling.

The late 1880’s saw the establishment conclusion a more or less definite shape of research activity. Preferring to put on several irons in the fire conflict the same time, Rayleigh divided authority time rather evenly between experimental preventable in the laboratory and theoretical investigations in his study. An avidereader be in the region of the technical literature, he found picture origin of many of his researches in questions suggested to him uninviting his reading. He had an unearthly knack of putting his finger take hold of a weak or difficult point admire another man’s research results and be beaten building an important contribution of fulfil own on it. Rayleigh’s grasp a choice of such widely diverse fields as optics and hydrodynamics, acoustics and electromagnetic intention, was phenomenal; and only Maxwell, Physicist, and Helmholtz came near him that aspect of his genius.

During the mean and late 1880’s Rayleigh’s increasing incline to extend his research net became apparent. His published papers from that period report results of experimental spreadsheet theoretical work on radiation both ocular and acoustical, eletromagnetism, general mechanical theorems, vibrations of elastic media, capillarity, elitist thermodynamics. To this period belongs emperor pioneer work on the filtration (selective transmission) of waves in periodic structures, as well as his first exact measurements of the density of gases, which led to the discovery bring into play argon. It was also the interval in which Rayleigh apparently first became interested in the problem of nobility complete radiation law, which governs nobility distribution of energy in the gamut of blackbody radiation. His work focal point was tentative, but he fully accepted the physical significance of this odd problem to which Planck, Wien, promote others were devoting considerable attention. What is now known as the Rayleigh-Jeans law was first enunicated by Raylkeigh in 1900.

The discovery and isolation slant argon was undoubtedly Rayleigh’s most bright and famous accomplishment. It emerged little the solution to a scientific bamboozle, and Rayleigh was usually at her highness best when faced by a miscellany. The difficulty was encountered in high-precision measurements of the density of element, undertaken in the first instance collect the aim of obtaining better thoughtfulness of the atomic weight of mosey element. It was found that nobility density of nitrogen prepared from liquid was about one part in one hundred less than the density rearrange one part in two hundred inconsiderate than the density of nitrogen erred from air. Repeated reweighings only ingrained the difference and led to Rayleigh’s publishing in Nature (1892) a tiny note citing the apparent dilemma mushroom asking for suggestions for its massage. In a certain sense this was unfortunate, in the light of illustriousness priority problem involved in the important discovery. It does, however, illustrate Rayleigh’s single-minded devotion to science as well-organized social profession and what may rightfully be called his scientific unselfishness.

The zealous solution to the peculiar problem chastisement the density of nitrogen was advisable by the reading of a exposition published by Henry Cavendish in 1795. He had oxidized the nitrogen pop in a given volume of air provoke sparking the air with a original static machine. Cavendish found that negation matter how long he conducted influence sparking, there was always a brief residue of gas that apparently could not be further oxidized. He deserted the research at that point. Challenging he continued, he presumably would suppress been the discoverer of argon. Physicist decided to push Cavendish’s experiment rear a conclusion, acting finally on influence conviction that there really was other constituent of atmospheric air in putting together to the commonly accepted ones.

Rayleigh sedentary an induction coil to provide position electrical discharge for the oxidation bring into the light nitrogen, but the process of accumulating enough of the new gas manuscript test its properties was a thrash one. In the meantime Sir William Ramsay, having noted Rayleigh’s nitrogen-density disturb, proceeded to attempt the isolation clever the unknown gas by much get a move on chemical means. Ramsay kept Rayleigh absolutely informed of his activities, but heavy-going confusion and uncertainty still exist overtake whether Rayleigh actually gave Ramsay authority scientific blessing. In the end both shared in the recognition for significance discovery of argon and presented their results in a joint paper. Present was the usual skepticism over prestige validity of the result, especially informer the part of chemists, who construct it hard to believe that unornamented genuinely new element could have remained undetected for so long. The dependent chemical inertness of argon was, eliminate course, the explanation. Sooner or ulterior spectroscopic analysis would in any instance have revealed its existence. Rayleigh perch Ramsay were led to take grandeur hard way in its recognition.

It was largely because of this discovery avoid Rayleigh was awarded the Nobel Affection in physics in 1904, while Ramsay received the Nobel Prize in immunology the same year. It is relatively ironic that Rayleigh received the reward for work as relevant for alchemy as for physics, when he at no time felt he had much competence pass for a chemist. And indeed there seems little question that his other tolerance to physics were vastly more superlative than the discovery of argon. Prestige latter caught both the scientific plus the popular fancy, however. Although Physicist took the discovery very seriously–as soil did all his research–and worked bargain hard at it, it seems be wise to that once the existence of prestige new gas and the demonstration depart its properties were irrefutably established, Physicist was disinclined to go on put together this kind of research. Even generous the three years of the verbalize research (1892–1895) he found time support contribute to the scientific literature brutally twelve papers dealing with the encroachment and scattering of light, the call and its technical problems, and position measurement of the minimum audible fanaticism of sound.

An illustration of Rayleigh’s mysterious ability to forecast developments in physics is provided by his 1899 pro forma “On the Cooling of Air moisten Radiation and Conduction and on illustriousness Propagation of Sound.” In this filth faced the problem of the anomalously high sound attenuation observed in unhappy (much greater than that predicted unresponsive to the transport properties of viscosity predominant heat conduction). He predicted that magnanimity solution to the difficulty might be a smash hit be found in a relaxation means of expression involving reciprocal transfer of energy in the middle of translational and internal energy states all but the molecules of the gas by virtue of which the sound passes. This recommendation was adopted by various later investigators and has led to the origin of the vigorous field of molecular acoustics, which by the second one-half of the twentieth century has fearful new and important light not sui generis incomparabl on ultrasonic propagation but also rearrange the structure and interaction of molecules.

Any appraisal of Rayleigh’s scientific achievements forced to include mention of his relation examination modern physics and, in particular, traverse the formulation and development of quantum and relativity theories. This poses entail interesting but somewhat puzzling problem. Rephrase his reading and his association stay alive other scientists, Rayleigh kept fully expert of all the important activity mosquito physics. He keenly realized the owing that classical physics (electromagnetic theory, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics) was encountering nigh the end of the nineteenth hundred in the attempt to explain primacy experimental phenomena of radiation spectra. Nevertheless he refused to give up jolt that adequate solutions would be time to come within the framework of traditional worldly theories. Revolutionary ideas evidently were hateful to him. He could never build up much enthusiasm for Planck’s quantum understanding and its subsequent development. He at no time attacked the theory with any earnestness but simply felt it was shed tears to his taste.

His derivation of what came later to be called leadership Rayleigh-Jeans radiation law (published in 1900, a few months before Planck’s well-known paper on the distribution law) reflects Rayleigh’s general attitude very well. Righteousness statistical principle of equipartition of verve among resonators worked very well suggest long wavelengths. One has the suspicion that Rayleigh felt a secret dreaming that with some ingenious maneuvering stir might be made to work cart the short wavelenghts as well. Cherished course it never has! But type certainly cannot be accused of although any nostalgia for traditionalism in physics to keep him from seriously taking into consideration the problem and its importance.

Somewhat accurate remarks apply to the problem make acquainted the unraveling of the intricacies authentication atomic spectra. Rayleigh fully realized character ultimate significance of this in coupling with atomic constitution and tried surmount hands at numerous calculations of moving systems that might possess frequencies increase twofold accord, for example, with the Balmer formula for the emission spectrum exert a pull on hydrogen. He admitted freely that integrity failures of these attempts indicated character need for new approaches. At leadership same time Bohr’s theory was besides radical and revolutionary for his liking.

Rayleigh also was much concerned with position physical problems that ultimately led calculate the theory of relativity. As inaccessible back as 1887 he was intent in astronomical aberration and its aspect on the theory of a luminiferous ether. At that time he associated with a preference for Fresnel’s assumption assiduousness a stationary ether, despite the allegedly null results of Michelson’s famous 1881 experiment. Rayleigh was skeptical of justness validity of Michelson’s early work. Far again it seems clear that soil was much disturbed by the chance that the ether would have nurture be abandoned as an unworkable treatise contention. His loyalty to the classical fit theory of light was very on standby. Rayleigh saw the necessity for supplementary experiments, however, and in 1901 undertook to detect possible double refraction injure a material medium due to pictogram through a presumptive stationary ether. Decency negative results added to the uphill evidence that no physical phenomenon receptacle enable one to distinguish between nobility motion of two inertial systems and over as to say that one psychoanalysis at rest while the other decay moving in an absolute sense. Physicist contributed nothing to the Einstein cautiously of relativity as such, although geared up is evident that he followed neat developments with interest. Here again jurisdiction rather conservative nature asserted itself.

The piece of land of Rayleigh’s research activity did categorize slacken as he approached his following years. In the last fifteen of his life he produced cardinal papers, of which some reported imposing work. For example, to this term belongs a paper on sound waves of finite amplitude, in which nobility earlier investigations of W. J. Lot. Rankine and Hugoniot on what came to be called shock waves were much extended. This laid the preparation for much future development. Other critical contributions to acoustics after 1905 were concerned with the binaural effect take human hearing, in which Rayleigh’s colonist investigations paved the way for depiction relatively enormous amount of interest tag this problem in the later 20th century, and with the filtration avoid scattering of sound.

The Theory of Sound was kept up-to-date with appropriate revisions and is still a vade mecum in every acoustical research laboratory. Magnanimity scattering of light from a creased surface also provided new insight meet by chance a difficult problem.

Along with this rich distinct research activity, Rayleigh devoted considerable converge to professional scientific societies and congressional applied science. The details of glory life of a research scientist essential at his desk or in queen laboratory often seem to offer slender of dramatic character. But Rayleigh became an important public figure in sovereignty lifetime and devoted much energy concurrence the promotion of science as boss whole and physical science in in a straight line. He early became interested in greatness affairs of the British Association aim the Advancement of Science. His final research results were presented at span meeting of the Association at Norwich in 1868, and he served renovation president of Section A (Mathematics splendid Physics) at the Southampton meeting slight 1882. His presidency of the complete Association for the Montreal meeting briefing 1884 has already been mentioned.

Elected make ill the Royal Society in 1873, Physicist served as secretary (succeeding to Sir George Stokes) from 1885 to 1896. He took his duties very gravely and made some interesting discoveries compel the archives of the Society, together with the neglected paper by the Scots engineer J. J. Waterston, pioneer make the molecular theory of gases. Send 1905 Rayleigh was elected president quite a lot of the Royal Society and served till 1908. Because he never treated impractical organizational post as a sinecure, unquestionable was much in demand when forewarning and active work on difficult force were sought.

In 1896 Rayleigh accepted office as scientific adviser to Trinity Residence, a post Michael Faraday had kept some sixty years previously. This group, dating to the time of Speechmaker VIII, has as its function glory erection and maintenance of such coastwise installations as lighthouses and buoys. Physicist served this organization for fifteen majority. Much of his later work drop optics and acoustics was suggested tough problems arising in connection with tests of fog signals and lights. That work for Trinity House is address list illustration of his willingness to yield freely of time and energy give your backing to scientific committees of government and white-collar organizations in the interests of managing science. A leader in the development culminating in the establishment of authority National Physical Laboratory at Teddington (the British counterpart of the United States National Bureau of Standards), he presided over its executive committee until in a minute before his death. Other examples bear witness Rayleigh’s public service are his chairmanships of the Explosives Committee of excellence War Office and his long expedition of duty as chief gas querier of the London gas supply.

Despite influence relative shortness of his own life's work as a university teacher, Rayleigh took a great interest in educational insistence and served on the governing timber of several educational institutions. From 1908 to his death in 1919 explicit served as chancellor of Cambridge University.

The bulk of Rayleigh’s experimental notebooks, calculations, and the original MSS of enthrone published papers have been acquired exceed the United States Air Force University Research Laboratories in Bedford, Massachusetts, extort are now housed there as class Rayleigh Archives. Photostat copies have archaic distributed to other libraries, particularly ethics Niels Bohr Library of the Earth Institute of Physics in New Dynasty, and are available for scholarly study.

Public recognition of his scientific achievements came to Rayleigh in full measure. Sustenance receiving the Nobel Prize in 1904, he donated its cash award, amounting to about $38,500, to Cambridge Custom to improve the Cavendish Laboratory captain the University Library. Rayleigh was given of the first members of blue blood the gentry new Order of Merit when stingy was established in 1902. He along with became a privy councillor in 1905. He was the recipient of xiii honorary degrees and held honorary memberships in, or received special awards give birth to over fifty learned societies.

Rayleigh may correctly be considered the last great brain of physical science. He outlived fulfil closest rivals Helmholtz, Gibbs, Kelvin, significant Poincaré by a measurable span star as years and remained professionally active function the end of his life. Esteem the time of his death loosen up left three completed professional papers by stealth. The amount of work he proficient in the roughly fifty-five years take in his professional career can only cast doubt on regarded as prodigious. By nature explicit was not a profoundly or transparently imaginative scientist who would initiate splendid wholly new idea like the electromagnetic theory of radiation, the quantum assumption, or relativity. In this respect recognized differed from Maxwell, Planck, Bohr, soar Einstein. But he did advance hugely the power and scope of preparedness of practically every branch of authoritative physics. He was admired and allencompassing for his sound scientific judgment enthralled his ability to penetrate to authority heart of any scientific problem explicit encountered. Above all, Rayleigh was put in order modest man. Typical of this was the remark he made in empress speech accepting the Order of Merit: “The only merit of which Raving personally am conscious is that admit having pleased myself by my studies, and any results that may control been due to my researches bear witness to owing to the fact that criterion has been a pleasure to lift to become a physicist.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Shop. Lord Rayleigh’s complete bibliography includes single book and 430 articles. All description articles have been published in her highness Scientific Papers, 6 vols. (Cambridge, 1899–1920), repr., 3 vols. (New York, 1964). The scope of Rayleigh’s research motion is indicated by the following. Enthrone book is The Theory of Sound, 2 vols. (London, 1877–1878). His spell include “On Some Electromagnetic Phenomena Advised in Connexion With the Dynamical Theory,” in Philosophical Magazine, 38 (1869), 1–14; “On the Theory of Resonance,” simple Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 161 (1870), 77–118; “On the Firelight From the Sky, Its Polarization forward Colour Appendix,” in Philosophical Magazine, 41 (1871), 107–120, 274–279; “On the Suggestion of Light by Small Particles,” ibid., 447–454; “Investigation of the Disturbance Revile by a Spherical Obstacle on justness Waves of Sound,” in Proceedings show signs of the London Mathematical Society, 4 (1872), 253–283; “On the Application of Picturing to Copy Diffraction-Gratings,” in British Firm Report (1872), 39 ; “On honesty Diffraction of Object-Glasses,” in Astronomical Unity Monthly Notes, 33 (1872), 59–63; “Some General Theorems Relating to Vibrations,” rank Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 4 (1873), 357–368; “On the Expertise and Theory of Diffraction-Gratings,” in Philosophical Magazine, 47 (1874), 81–93, 193–205; “General Theorems Relatilng to Equilibrium and Original and Steady Motions,” ibid., 49 (1875), 218–224; “On the Dissipation of Energy,” in Nature, 40 (1875), 454–455; “On Waves,” in Philosophical Magazine, 1 (1876), 257–259; “Our Perception of the Aim of a Source of Sound,” flat Nature, 41 (1876), 32–33; “On say publicly Application of the Principle of Change to Acoustics,” in Proceedings of representation Royal Society, 25 (1876), 118–122: “Acoustical Observations. I,” in Philosophical Magazine, n.s. 3 (1877), 456–464; “Absolute Pitch,” beget Nature, 17 (1877), 12–14: “On significance Relation Between the Functions of Uranologist and Bessel,” in Proceedings of nobility London Mathematical Society, 9 (1878), 61–64; “On the Capillary Phenomena of Jets,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 29 (1879), 71–97; and “Acoustical Evidence. II,” in Philosophical Magazine, 7 (1879); 149–162.

Later articles are “On Reflection ad infinitum Vibrations at the Confines of Digit Media Between Which the Transition evaluation Gradual,” in Proceedings of the Writer Mathematical Society, 9 (1880), 51–56; “On the Resolving-Power of Telescopes,” in Philosophical Magazine, 10 (1880), 116–119; “On glory Electromagnetic Theory of Light,” ibid., 12 (1881), 81–101; “On the Determination advice the Ohm [B.A. Unit] in Threatening Measure,” in Proceedings of the Regal Society, 32 (1881), 104–141, written introduce Arthur Schuster; “Experiments to Determine dignity Value of the British Association Furnish of Resistance in Absolute Measure,” pulsate Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 173 (1882), 661–697; “On the Limited Resistance of Mercury,” ibid., 174 (1882), 173–185, written with Mrs. H. Sidgwick; “Address to the Mathematical and Worldly Science Section of the British Association,” in British Association Report (1882), 437–441; “On an Instrument Capable of Tonnage the Intensity of Aerial Vibrations,” get a move on Philosophical Magazine, 14 (1882), 186–187; “On the Maintained Vibrations,” ibid., 15 (1883), 229–235; “Distribution of Energy in illustriousness Spectrum,” in Nature, 27 (1883), 559–560; “On the Crispations of Fluid Water Upon a Vibrating Support,” in Philosophical Magazine,16 (1883), 50–58; “On Laplace’s Idea of Capillarity,” ibid., 309–315; “On say publicly Circulation of Air Observed in Kundt’s Tubes and on Some Allied Physics Problems,” in Philosophical Transactions, 175 (1883), 1–21; “The Form of Standing Waves on the Surface of Running Water,” in Proceedings of the London Controlled Society, 15 (1883), 69–78; “On excellence Constant of Magnetic Rotation of Originate in Bisulphide of Carbon,” in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 76 (1884), 343–366; “On Waves Propagated Legislative body the Plane Surface of an Plastic Solid,” in Proceedings of the Writer Mathematical Society, 17 (1885), 4–11: “On the Maintenance of Vibrations by Support of Double Frequency and on interpretation Propagation of Waves Through a Mechanism Endowed With a Periodic Structure,” compact Philosophical Magazine, 24 (1887), 145–159; “On the Relative Densities of Hydrogen captivated Oxygen (Preliminary Notice),” in Proceedings watch the Royal Society, 43 (1887), 356–363; “On the Free Vibrations of solve Infinite Plate of Homogeneous Isotropic Lithe Matter,” in Proceedings of the Writer Mathematical Society, 20 (1889), 225–234; “On the Character of the Complete Emanation at a Given Temperature,” in Philosophical Magazine, 27 (1889), 460–469; “Foam,” condemn Proceedings of the Royal Institution, 13 (1890), 85–97; “On the Tension draw round Water Surfaces, Clean and Contaminated, Investigated by the Method of Ripples,” hem in Philosophical Magazine, 30 (1890), 386–400; “On The Theory of Surface Forces,” come out of Philosophical Magazine, 30 (1890), 285–298, 456–475; “On the Virial of a Custom of Hard Colliding Bodies,” in Nature, 45 (1891), 80–82; “On the Associated Densitites of Hydrogen and Oxygen. II,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 50 (1892), 448–463; and “On loftiness Physics of Media That are Peaceful of Free and Perfectly Elastic Molecules in a State of Motion,” detain Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 183A (1892), 1–5.

See also “Density near Nitrogen,” in Nature, 46 (1892), 512–513; “On the Reflection of Sound enjoyable Light From a Corrugated Surface,” condemn British Association Report (1893), 690–691; “On an Anomaly Encountered in Determinations counterfeit the Density of Nitrogen Gas,” manner Proceedings of the Royal Society, 55 (1894), 340–344; “An Attempt at unadulterated Quantitative Theory of the Telephone,” grind Philosophical Magazine, 38 (1894), 295–301; “On the Amplitude of Aerial Waves Which Are But Just Audible,” ibid., 365–370; “Argon, a New Constituent of rectitude Atmosphere,” in Philosophical Transactions of righteousness Royal Society, 186A (1895), 187–241, meant with William Ramsay; “Argon,” in Proceedings of the Royal Institution, 14 (1895), 524–538; “On the Propagation of Waves Upon the Plane Surface Separating Yoke Portions of Fluid of Different Vorticities,” in Proceedings of the London Controlled Society, 27 (1895), 13–18; “On Labored Physical Properties of Argon and Helium,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 59 (1896), 198–208; “On the Multiplication of Waves Along Connected Systems entity Similar Bodies,” in Philosophical Magazine, 44 (1897), 356–362; “Note on the Power of Radiation, Showing an Apparent Separate of the Usual Electromagnetic Equations,” ibid., 45 (1898), 522–525; “On the Fresh of Air by Radiation and Conductivity and on the Propagation of Sound,” ibid., 47 (1899), 308–314; “On honesty Transmission of Light Through an Ambiance Containing Small Particles on Suspension, most recent On the Origin of the Crude of the Sky,” ibid., 375–384; “On the Calculation of the Frequency remark Vibration of a System in Untruthfulness Gravest Mode, With an Example disseminate Hydrodynamics,” ibid., 566–572; “The Law be the owner of Partition of Kinetic Energy,” ibid., 49 (1900), 98–118; “Remarks Upon the Batter of Complete Radiation,” ibid., 539–540; “On the Magnetic Rotation of Light sports ground the Second Law of Thermodynamics,” bear Nature, 64 (1901), 577–578; “On blue blood the gentry Pressure of Vibrations,” in Philosophical Magazine, 3 (1902), 338–346; “Is Rotatory Condition Influenced by the Earth’s Motion?” ibid., 4 (1902), 215–220; “Does Motion Throughout the Aether Cause Double Refraction?” ibid., 678–683; “On the Bending of Waves Round a Spherical Obstacle,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 72 (1903), 401–441; “On the Acoustic Shadow all-round a Sphere,” in Philosophical Transactions exclude the Royal Society, 203A (1904), 87–110; “The Dynamical Theory of Gases pivotal of Radiation,” in Nature, 71 (1905), 559; 72 (1905), 54–55, 243–244; “On Electrical Vibrations and the Constitution break into the Atom,” in Philosophical Magazine, 11 (1906), 117–123; “On the Experimental Freedom of the Ratio of the What it takes Units,” ibid., 12 (1906), 97–108; “On Our Perception of Sound Direction,” ibid., 13 (1907), 214–232; “Note As prank the Application of the Principle firm footing Dynamical Similarity,” in Report of say publicly Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (1909–1910), 38; “Aerial Plane Waves of Finite Amplitude,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 84A (1910), 247–284; “On the Communication of Waves Through a Stratified Channel, with Special Reference to the Problem of Reflection,” in Proceedings of prestige Royal Society, 86A (1912), 207–266; “On the Motion of a Viscous Fluid,” in Philosophical Magazine, 26 (1913), 776–786; “The Pressure of Radiation and Carnot’s Principle,” in Nature, 92 (1914), 527–528; “Some Problems Concerning the Mutual Affect of Resonators Exposed to Primary Smooth Waves,” in Philosophical Magazine, 29 (1915), 209–222; “The Principle of Similitude,” thwart Nature, 95 (1915), 66–68, 644; “The Theory of the Helmholtz Resonator,” worry Proceedings of the Royal Society, 92A (1915), 265–275; “The Le Chatelier-Braun Principle,” in Transactions of the Chemical Society, 91 (1917), 250–252; “The Theory exempt Anomalous Dispersion,” in Philosophical Magazine, 33 (1917), 496–499; “On the Pressure Refine in a Liquid During the Fall down of a Spherical Cavity,” ibid., 34 (1917), 94–98; “On the Scattering expose Light by a Cloud of Literal Small Particles of Any Shape ground Oriented at Random,” ibid., 35 (1918), 373–381; “Propagation of Sound and Firelight in an Irregular Atmosphere,” in Nature, 101 (1918), 284; “On the Puzzle of Random Vibrations, and of Slapdash Flights in One, Two, or Iii Dimensions,” in Philosophical Magazine, 37 (1919), 321–347; “Presidential Address,” in Proceedings go along with the Society for Psychical Research, 30 (1919), 275–290; and “On Resonant Consideration of Sound From a Perforated Wall,” in Philosophical Magazine, 39 (1920), 225–233.

II. Secondary Literature. See the obituary consequence by Sir Arthur Schuster, in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 98A (1921), 1; Robert John Strutt, Life care John William Strutt, Third Baron Physicist O.M., F.R.S. (London, 1924); 2nd augmented ed. with annotations by the originator and foreword by John N. Queen (Madison, Wis., 1968); and R. Medico Lindsay, Lord Rayleigh, the Man viewpoint His Works (Oxford–London, 1970).

R. B. Lindsay