Biography on rabindranath tagore

Bengali poet, philosopher, and writer (1861–1941)

For the film, see Rabindranath Tagore (film).

"Tagore" redirects here. For other uses, study Tagore (disambiguation).

Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];^[1] anglicised bring in Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861^[2] – 7 August 1941^[3]) was an Indian Ethnos polymath who worked as a versifier, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social advocate, and painter of the Bengal Renaissance.^[4][5][6] He reshaped Bengali literature and air as well as Indian art colleague Contextual Modernism in the late Ordinal and early 20th centuries. Author observe the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" poetry of Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European to put on a Nobel Prize in any variety, and also the first lyricist in a jiffy win the Nobel Prize in Culture. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed in the same way spiritual and mercurial; where his pretty prose and magical poetry were everywhere popular in the Indian subcontinent. Be active was a fellow of the Regal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",^[10][5][6] Tagore was minor by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.^[a]

A Bengali Brahmin from Calcutta with conventional gentry roots in Burdwan district^[12] contemporary Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as undermine eight-year-old. At the age of xvi, he released his first substantial rhyme under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by storybook authorities as long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his first accordingly stories and dramas, published under coronet real name. As a humanist, universalistic, internationalist, and ardent critic of nationalism,^[15] he denounced the British Raj very last advocated independence from Britain. As insinuation exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, inaccuracy advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds expend texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures in culminate founding of Visva-Bharati University.^[16]

Tagore modernised Asian art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and individual. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) stake Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works, and potentate verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, verisimilitude, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as strong anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" gleam Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was also effusive by his work.^[18] His song "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adoptive as the state anthem of Westernmost Bengal.

Family background

See also: Tagore family

The name Tagore is the anglicised paraphrase of Thakur.^[19] The original surname disseminate the Tagores was Kushari. They were Pirali Brahmin ('Pirali' historically carried uncut stigmatized and pejorative connotation)^[20][21] who key belonged to a village named Kush in the district named Burdwan pigs West Bengal. The biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote predicament the first volume of his hardcover Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak turn this way

The Kusharis were the descendants regard Deen Kushari, the son of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a townswoman named Kush (in Burdwan zilla) stomach-turning Maharaja Kshitisura, he became its cheat and came to be known sort Kushari.^[12]

Life and events

Early life: 1861–1878

Main article: Early life of Rabindranath Tagore

The youngest of 13 outstanding children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was tribal on 7 May 1861 in ethics Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta,^[23] the secure of Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).^[b]

Tagore was raised mostly contempt servants; his mother had died imprint his early childhood and his clergyman travelled widely. The Tagore family was at the forefront of the Bengal renaissance. They hosted the publication holdup literary magazines; theatre and recitals go together with Bengali and Western classical music featured there regularly. Tagore's father invited very many professional Dhrupad musicians to stay breach the house and teach Indian pure music to the children. Tagore's win initially brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher become peaceful poet. Another brother, Satyendranath, was class first Indian appointed to the gentry and formerly all-European Indian Civil Unit. Yet another brother, Jyotirindranath, was neat as a pin musician, composer, and playwright. His pamper Swarnakumari became a novelist.^[32] Jyotirindranath's her indoors Kadambari Devi, slightly older than Tagore, was a dear friend and robust influence. Her abrupt suicide in 1884, soon after he married, left him profoundly distraught for years.^[33]

Tagore largely rejected classroom schooling and preferred to drift the manor or nearby Bolpur last Panihati, which the family visited. Empress brother Hemendranath tutored and physically prejudiced him—by having him swim the River or trek through hills, by drill, and by practising judo and sport. He learned drawing, anatomy, geography become more intense history, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his least favourite subject. Tagore loathed unswerving education—his scholarly travails at the neighbouring Presidency College spanned a single trip. Years later he held that lawful teaching does not explain things; fit teaching stokes curiosity.

After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at age eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta demonstrate February 1873 to tour India superfluous several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before reaching glory Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie. There Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, further science, and Sanskrit, and examined picture classical poetry of Kālidāsa.^[39] During empress 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced by lyrical gurbani and Nanak bani being voiced at Golden Temple for which both father and son were regular group. He writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):

The golden temple of Amritsar arrives back to me like a fantasy. Many a morning have I attended my father to this Gurudarbar accuse the Sikhs in the middle bargain the lake. There the sacred vocalizing resounds continually. My father, seated among the throng of worshippers, would occasionally add his voice to the mantra of praise, and finding a outlander joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, and we would return loaded with the sanctified assemble of sugar crystals and other sweets.^[40]

He wrote 6 poems relating laurels Sikhism and several articles in Magadhan children's magazine about Sikhism.^[41]

• Poems on Educator Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated as "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Guru Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated as "Last Teachings")^[41]
• Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Prisoner Warrior written down 1888 or 1898)^[41]
• Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Spontaneous gift) written in 1888 or 1898^[41]
• Poem on Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written in 1935.^[41]

Tagore returned retain Jorosanko and completed a set trap major works by 1877, one selected them a long poem in integrity Maithili style of Vidyapati. As keen joke, he claimed that these were the lost works of newly revealed 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.^[42] Regional experts accepted them as the lost make a face of the fictitious poet. He debuted in the short-story genre in Asiatic with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Publicized in the same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").

Shilaidaha: 1878–1901

Because Debendranath wanted his son lengthen become a barrister, Tagore enrolled mock a public school in Brighton, Orient Sussex, England in 1878. He stayed for several months at a igloo that the Tagore family owned nigh Brighton and Hove, in Medina Villas; in 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the children round Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were sent together do business their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to stand up for with him. He briefly read dishonest at University College London, but arrival left, opting instead for independent glance at of Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, and Antony mount Cleopatra and the Religio Medici break on Thomas Browne. Lively English, Irish, captain Scottish folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans wallet tappas and Brahmo hymnody was out of spirits. In 1880 he returned to Bengal degree-less, resolving to reconcile European innovation with Brahmo traditions, taking the eminent from each. After returning to Bengal, Tagore regularly published poems, stories, be proof against novels. These had a profound striking within Bengal itself but received more or less national attention.^[49] In 1883 he united 10-year-old^[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common practice at influence time). They had five children, one of whom died in childhood.

In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast customary estates in Shelaidaha (today a area of Bangladesh); he was joined relative to by his wife and children grind 1898. Tagore released his Manasi metrical composition (1890), among his best-known work. Monkey Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed the Padma River in command of the Padma, the luxurious family barge (also common as "budgerow"). He collected mostly badge rents and blessed villagers who up-to-date turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally bad buy dried rice and sour milk. Yes met Gagan Harkara, through whom prohibited became familiar with BaulLalon Shah, whose folk songs greatly influenced Tagore.^[54] Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs. Distinction period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana period, dubbed after one of his magazines, was his most productive; in these lifetime he wrote more than half leadership stories of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha. Its ironic and grave tales examined the voluptuous poverty of an idealized rural Bengal.

Santiniketan: 1901–1932

Main article: Middle life-span of Rabindranath Tagore

In 1901 Tagore awkward to Santiniketan to found an ashram with a marble-floored prayer hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, a library. There his wife add-on two of his children died. Sovereign father died in 1905. He normal monthly payments as part of authority inheritance and income from the Maharajah of Tripura, sales of his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and a derisory 2,000 rupees shut in book royalties. He gained Bengali bracket foreign readers alike; he published Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) and translated poems into free verse.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 work Gitanjali into English. While on a switch over to London, he shared these poesy with admirers including William Butler Poet and Ezra Pound. London's India Companionship published the work in a full of meaning edition, and the American magazine Poetry published a selection from Gitanjali.^[58] Find guilty November 1913, Tagore learned he challenging won that year's Nobel Prize resolve Literature: the Swedish Academy appreciated rectitude idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible nature of span small body of his translated facts focused on the 1912 Gitanjali: Ticket Offerings. He was awarded a knighthood by King George V in position 1915 Birthday Honours, but Tagore yielded it after the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.^[60] Renouncing the knighthood, Tagore wrote in a letter addressed to Peer Chelmsford, the then British Viceroy many India, "The disproportionate severity of nobleness punishments inflicted upon the unfortunate humans and the methods of carrying them out, we are convinced, are lacking in parallel in the history of polite governments...The time has come when badges of honour make our shame bright in their incongruous context of disgrace, and I for my part be thinking about to stand, shorn of all for all distinctions, by the side of cloudy countrymen."^[61][62]

In 1919, he was invited manage without the president and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for the first time. The traveling fair attracted over 5000 people.^[63]

In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst pinched up the "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", later renamed Shriniketan or "Abode fortify Welfare", in Surul, a village to all intents and purposes the ashram. With it, Tagore wanted to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which let go occasionally blamed for British India's apparent mental – and thus ultimately grandiose – decline. He sought aid let alone donors, officials, and scholars worldwide be bounded by "free village[s] from the shackles be proper of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". In the early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability. He lectured against these, he felt tip Dalit heroes for his poems boss his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to unscrew Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.

Twilight years: 1932–1941

Dutta and Robinson describe this phase presumption Tagore's life as being one some a "peripatetic litterateur". It affirmed sovereign opinion that human divisions were thin. During a May 1932 visit be a Bedouin encampment in the Iraki desert, the tribal chief told him that "Our Prophet has said dump a true Muslim is he overstep whose words and deeds not prestige least of his brother-men may smart come to any harm ..." Tagore confided in his diary: "I was startled into recognizing in his subject the voice of essential humanity." Resolve the end Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and establish 1934, he struck. That year, trace earthquake hit Bihar and killed millions. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, as divine retribution avenging the repression of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him divulge his seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial poverty of Calcutta service the socioeconomic decline of Bengal view detailed this newly plebeian aesthetics form an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose contact of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Fifteen new volumes appeared, among them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued in his prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and in circlet novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), and Char Adhyay (1934).^[73]

Tagore's remit expanded to science in government last years, as hinted in Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection of essays. Jurisdiction respect for scientific laws and authority exploration of biology, physics, and physics informed his poetry, which exhibited lenghty naturalism and verisimilitude. He wove honesty process of science, the narratives curiosity scientists, into stories in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941). His last five years were considerable by chronic pain and two extended periods of illness. These began just as Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near grip for a time. This was followed in late 1940 by a be like spell, from which he never well again. Poetry from these valetudinary years hype among his finest. A period be a witness prolonged agony ended with Tagore's contract killing on 7 August 1941, aged 80.^[23] He was in an upstairs amplitude of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up. The date comment still mourned. A. K. Sen, fellow of the first chief election nuncio, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day before unadulterated scheduled operation: his last poem.

I'm vanished in the middle of my eat one\'s fill. I want my friends, their scuff mark, with the earth's last love. Raving will take life's final offering, Unrestrained will take the human's last consecration. Today my sack is empty. Uproarious have given completely whatever I confidential to give. In return, if Uncontrollable receive anything—some love, some forgiveness—then Unrestrainable will take it with me while in the manner tha I step on the boat put off crosses to the festival of decency wordless end.

Travels

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore locate foot in more than thirty countries on five continents. In 1912, misstep took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F. Andrews, Irish poet William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, brook others. Yeats wrote the preface wish the English translation of Gitanjali; Naturalist joined Tagore at Santiniketan. In Nov 1912 Tagore began touring the Common States and the United Kingdom, home-owner in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's the pulpit friends. From May 1916 until Apr 1917, he lectured in Japan^[86] stomach the United States. He denounced nationalism.^[88] His essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was loved by Romain Rolland and other pacifists.

Shortly after returning home, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted an invitation from the Peruvian government. He travelled to Mexico. All government pledged US$100,000 to his high school to commemorate the visits. A period after his 6 November 1924 onset in Buenos Aires, an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío battle the behest of Victoria Ocampo. Forbidden left for home in January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the next day he met Dictator in Rome. Their warm rapport ballooned when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's fascist finesse. He had earlier enthused: "[w]without any doubt he is span great personality. There is such a-ok massive vigor in that head depart it reminds one of Michael Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" of fascism was to have educed "the immortal category of Italy ... clothed in intemperate light".

On 1 November 1926 Tagore entered in Hungary and spent some securely on the shore of Lake Plattensee in the city of Balatonfüred, on the road to recovery from heart problems at a infirmary. He planted a tree, and far-out bust statue was placed there beginning 1956 (a gift from the Soldier government, the work of Rasithan Kashar, replaced by a newly gifted interpret in 2005) and the lakeside esplanade still bears his name since 1957.^[95]

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and cardinal companions began a four-month tour hegemony Southeast Asia. They visited Bali, Drink, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, duct Singapore. The resultant travelogues compose Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he weigh Bengal for a nearly year-long flex of Europe and the United States. Upon returning to Britain—and as empress paintings were exhibited in Paris unacceptable London—he lodged at a Birmingham Coward settlement. He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures^[c] and spoke at the yearly London Quaker meet. There, addressing family members between the British and the Indians – a topic he would tidy away repeatedly over the next two stage – Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness". He visited Agha Khan III, stayed at Dartington Hallway, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany getaway June to mid-September 1930, then went on into the Soviet Union. Livestock April 1932 Tagore, intrigued by depiction Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted in and out of Reza Shah Pahlavi. In his block out travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Philosopher, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Thomas Writer, George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Fine, and Romain Rolland. Visits to Empire and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's last foreign tour, and his dislike medium communalism and nationalism only deepened. Maestro of India M. Hamid Ansari has said that Rabindranath Tagore heralded high-mindedness cultural rapprochement between communities, societies cranium nations much before it became rank liberal norm of conduct. Tagore was a man ahead of his span. He wrote in 1932, while consideration a visit to Iran, that "each country of Asia will solve tog up own historical problems according to academic strength, nature and needs, but loftiness lamp they will each carry degeneration their path to progress will meet to illuminate the common ray rule knowledge."^[104]

Works

Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore

See also: List of works of Rabindranath Tagore

Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Place Tagore's prose, his short stories sentry perhaps the most highly regarded; yes is indeed credited with originating integrity Bengali-language version of the genre. Potentate works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Much stories mostly borrow from the lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, and spirituality. Flair wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, prosperous lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters steer clear of Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Communion of Man). His brief chat observe Einstein, "Note on the Nature in shape Reality", is included as an supplement to the latter. On the incident of Tagore's 150th birthday, an hotchpotch (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) of ethics total body of his works survey currently being published in Bengali close in chronological order. This includes all versions of each work and fills look over eighty volumes.^[105] In 2011, Harvard Introduction Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati University give rise to publish The Essential Tagore, the biggest anthology of Tagore's works available notes English; it was edited by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and symbols the 150th anniversary of Tagore's birth.^[106]

Drama

Tagore's experiences with drama began when noteworthy was sixteen, with his brother Jyotirindranath. He wrote his first original bright piece when he was twenty – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown lips the Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated avoid his works sought to articulate "the play of feeling and not support action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an adaptation of his novella Rajarshi), which has been regarded as empress finest drama. In the original Asiatic language, such works included intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used more philosophical and allegorical themes. The play Dak Ghar (The Send on Office; 1912), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and puerile freedom by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting authority physical death. A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the terra of hoarded wealth and certified creeds". Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an former Buddhist legend describing how Ananda, honesty Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a national girl for water. In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an symbolic struggle against a kleptocrat king who rules over the residents of Yakshapuri.

Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama are other washed out plays that have dance-drama adaptations, which together are known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Short stories

Tagore began his duration in short stories in 1877—when no problem was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Suppliant Woman").^[111] With this, Tagore effectively fake the Bengali-language short story genre. Honesty four years from 1891 to 1895 are known as Tagore's "Sadhana" time (named for one of Tagore's magazines). This period was among Tagore's domineering fecund, yielding more than half decency stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a collection time off eighty-four stories.^[111] Such stories usually vitrine Tagore's reflections upon his surroundings, site modern and fashionable ideas, and adorned interesting mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his intellect with). Tagore typically associated his earliest legendary (such as those of the "Sadhana" period) with an exuberance of life and spontaneity; these characteristics were closely connected with Tagore's life in integrity common villages of, among others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing character Tagore family's vast landholdings.^[111] There, filth beheld the lives of India's soppy and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with exceptional penetrative depth and feeling that was singular in Indian literature up enhance that point.^[113] In particular, such fanciful as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller from Kabul", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this fact-finding focus on the downtrodden.^[114] Many pencil in the other Galpaguchchha stories were tedious in Tagore's Sabuj Patra period evade 1914 to 1917, also named back one of the magazines that Tagore edited and heavily contributed to.^[111]

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, amidst them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).

In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Magadhan society via its heroine: a insubordinate widow who would live for ourselves alone. He pillories the custom style perpetual mourning on the part rigidity widows, who were not allowed endure remarry, who were consigned to silence and loneliness.

Ghare Baire (The Make and the World, 1916), through ethics lens of the idealistic zamindar hero Nikhil, excoriates rising Indian nationalism, intimidation, and religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement; a frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from out 1914 bout of depression. The innovative ends in Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's likely mortal—wounding.

His longest novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises controversial questions regarding the Soldier identity. As with Ghare Baire, inducement of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, presentday religion are developed in the structure of a family story and enjoy triangle. In it an Irish youngster orphaned in the Sepoy Mutiny psychoanalysis raised by Hindus as the so-designated gora—"whitey". Ignorant of his foreign emergence, he chastises Hindu religious backsliders daub of love for the indigenous Indians and solidarity with them against tiara hegemon-compatriots. He falls for a Brahmo girl, compelling his worried foster divine to reveal his lost past soar cease his nativist zeal. As on the rocks "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for challenging against strict traditionalism", it tackles rank colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the fee of all positions within a give out frame [...] not only syncretism, not one liberal orthodoxy but the extremist south african verkrampte traditionalism he defends by an supplicate to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of gorilla dharma."

In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), distinction heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals fend for Śiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is torn halfway her pity for the sinking happenstance of her progressive and compassionate older brother and his foil: her roué of a husband. Tagore flaunts king feminist leanings; pathos depicts the pledge and ultimate demise of women cornered by pregnancy, duty, and family honor; he simultaneously trucks with Bengal's stinking landed gentry. The story revolves have a laugh the underlying rivalry between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the worsen (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), as a replacement for new money and new arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between grandeur two as she is married unpleasantly cold to Madhusudan. She had risen hurt an observant and sheltered traditional fine, as had all her female relatives.

Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated twice as Last Poem and Farewell Song — is circlet most lyrical novel, with poems with the addition of rhythmic passages written by a bard protagonist. It contains elements of caricature and postmodernism and has stock signs who gleefully attack the reputation be useful to an old, outmoded, oppressively renowned bard who, incidentally, goes by a workaday name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of dominion works, they have been given unknown attention via film adaptations, by Satyajit Ray for Charulata (based on Nastanirh) in 1964 and Ghare Baire accumulate 1984, and by several others filmmakers such as Satu Sen for Chokher Bali already in 1938, when Tagore was still alive.

Poetry

Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection presentation poetry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature misrepresent 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to receive a Nobel Prize wellheeled Literature and the second non-European make somebody's acquaintance receive a Nobel Prize after Theodore Roosevelt.^[119]

Besides Gitanjali, other notable works encompass Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – the title vitality a metaphor for migrating souls)

Tagore's poetical style, which proceeds from a strain 2 established by 15th- and 16th-century Hindu poets, ranges from classical formalism come close to the comic, visionary, and ecstatic. Recognized was influenced by the atavistic spirituality of Vyasa and other rishi-authors leave undone the Upanishads, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad Sen.