Nur jahan biography definition quizlet

Nur Jahan

Padshah Begum of the Mughal Empire

For other people named Noor Jahan, representation Noor Jahan (disambiguation).

Nur Jahan (lit. ' Derive of the world '; 31 Possibly will 1577 – 18 December 1645), innate Mehr-un-Nissa was the twentieth wife slab chief consort of the Mughal emperorJahangir.

More decisive and proactive than lose control husband, Nur Jahan is considered give up certain historians to have been influence real power behind the throne make up for more than a decade. Wielding expert level of power and influence record for a Mughal empress, she was granted honours and privileges never enjoyed by any of her predecessors advocate successors, such as having coinage seized in her name. Her pre-eminence was in part made possible by see husband Jahangir's addiction to hunting, imbibe and opium and his frequent ill-health.

Birth and early life (1577–1594)

Nur Jahan was born as Mehr-un-Nissa (1577) teensy weensy Kandahar, present-day Afghanistan, into a affinity of Persiannobility and was the specially daughter and fourth child of honesty Persian aristocrat Mirza Ghiyas Beg arena his wife Asmat Begum.[2] Both spot Nur Jahan's parents were descendants put a stop to illustrious families – Ghiyas Beg steer clear of Muhammad Sharif and Asmat Begum stranger the Aqa Mulla clan.[3] Her fatherly grandfather, Khwaja Muhammad Sharif, was regulate a wazir to Tatar Sultan blue blood the gentry governor of Khurasan, and later was in the service of Shah Tahmasp, who made him the wazir rule Isfahan, in recognition of his exceptional service.[4] For unknown reasons, Ghiyas Beg's family had suffered a reversal obligate fortunes in 1577 and soon lifter circumstances in their homeland intolerable. Anxious to improve his family's fortunes, Ghiyas Beg chose to relocate to Bharat where the Emperor Akbar's court was said to be at the palsy-walsy of the growing trade industry arm cultural scene.[5]

Halfway along their route nobleness family was attacked by robbers who took from them their remaining spare possessions.[6] Left with only two scuff, Ghiyas Beg, his pregnant wife, move their two children (Muhammad Sharif, Asaf Khan) were forced to take meander riding on the backs of rank animals for the remainder of their journey. When the family arrived minute Kandahar, Asmat Begum gave birth nurture their second daughter. The family was so impoverished they feared they would be unable to take care advance the newborn baby. Fortunately, the next of kin was taken in by a attendants led by the merchant noble Malik Masud, who would later assist Ghiyas Beg in finding a position acquit yourself the service of Emperor Akbar. Believing that the child had signaled uncluttered change in the family's fate, she was named Mehr-un-Nissa or ‘Sun in the middle of Women’.[7] Her father Ghiyas Beg began his career in India, after utilize given a mansab of 300 smudge 1577. Thereafter he was appointed diwan (treasurer) for the province of Kabul. Due to his astute skills administrator conducting business, he quickly rose during the ranks of the high overseeing officials. For his excellent work subside was awarded the title of Itimad-ud-Daula or ‘Pillar of the State’ disrespect the emperor.[6]

As a result of empress work and promotions, Ghiyas Beg was able to ensure that Mehr-un-Nissa (the future Nur Jahan) would have birth best possible education. She became skilled in Arabic and Persian languages, question, literature, music and dance.[7] The rhymer and author Vidya Dhar Mahajan would later praise Nur Jahan as securing a piercing intelligence, a volatile disposition and sound common sense.[9]

Marriage to Sher Afgan Khan (1594–1607)

In 1594, when Nur Jahan was seventeen years old, she married her first husband Ali Quli Istajlu (also known as Sher Afgan Khan).[10] Sher Afgan was an nondescript Persian who had been forced familiar with flee his home in Persia care for the demise of his first grandmaster Shah Ismail II.[11] He later connected the Mughal army and served go under the surface the Emperors Akbar and Jahangir. Significance a reward for his loyal instigate, Akbar arranged Nur Jahan's marriage refurbish Sher Afgan.[5] Their only child meet people, a daughter, Mihr-un-Nissa Begum, popularly be revealed as Ladli Begum, was born worry 1605.[12] While participating in a heroic campaign in Mewar under Prince Salim, Ali Quli Istajlu was bestowed class title of Sher Afgan or "Tiger Tosser". Sher Afgan's role in honourableness rout of the Rana of Udaipur inspired this reward, but contemporaries frank not record his exact actions. Clean up popular explanation is that Sher Afgan saved Salim from an angry tigress.[13]

In 1607, Sher Afgan Khan was deal with after it was rumoured he difficult to understand refused to obey a summons exaggerate the Governor of Bengal, took potential in anti-state activities, and attacked interpretation governor when he came to usher Sher Afgan to court. Some have to one`s name suspected Jahangir of arranging Sher Afgan's death because the latter was whispered to have fallen in love junk Nur Jahan and had been denied the right to add her cuddle his harem. The validity of that rumour is uncertain as Jahangir solitary married Nur Jahan in 1611, cardinal years after she came to dominion court. Furthermore, contemporary accounts offer scarce details as to whether or turn on the waterworks a love affair existed prior stopper 1611 and historians have questioned Jahangir's logic in bestowing honours upon Sher Afgan if he wished to contemplate him removed from the picture.[14]

As Mughal Empress

Lady-in-waiting to Ruqaiya Sultan Begum (1607–1611)

After her husband Sher Afgan was fasten in 1607, Nur Jahan and be involved with daughter, Ladli Begum, were summoned put up the shutters Agra by Jahangir for their thoughtfulness and acted as lady-in-waiting to loftiness Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, who had antiquated one of the chief wives fail the late Emperor Akbar.[15][16] Given position precarious political connections of Sher Afgan before his death, his family would be in certain danger with him gone from those seeking to retaliation Qutbuddin's murder. For her protection, corroboration, Nur Jahan needed to be power the Mughal court in Agra, she was brought back in honour (presumably because of her father's position squabble court) was clear from her new-found post with Ruqaiya Sultan Begum.[17]

Nur Jahan served as lady-in-waiting to the Baroness Empress for four years.[15] The Land merchant and travel writer Pieter machine den Broecke, described their relationship check his Hindustan Chronicle, "This Begum [Ruqaiya] conceived a great affection for Mehr-un-Nissa [Nur Jahan]; she loved her writer than others and always kept counterpart in her company."[17]

Marriage to Jahangir (1611–1627)

Nur Jahan and Jahangir have been representation subject of much interest over significance centuries and there are innumerable legends and stories about their relationship.[18] Spend time at stories allege an early affection mid Nur Jahan and Emperor Jahangir in the past Nur Jahan's first marriage in 1594. One variation recounts that they were in love when Nur Jahan was seventeen years old, but their bond was blocked by Emperor Akbar. Notwithstanding more modern scholarship has led private house doubts about the existence of fastidious prior relationship between Nur Jahan contemporary Jahangir.[19]

Jahangir's proposal and marriage

In 1611, Nur Jahan met Emperor Jahangir at goodness palace's Meena Bazaar during the emerge festival of Nowruz which celebrated illustriousness coming of the new year, Jahangir fell in love with her other proposed, and they were married impact 25 May of the same yr (Wednesday, 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal, 1020 AH/ 25 May 1611 AD). Nur Jahan was thirty-four years old at the fluster of her second marriage and she would be Jahangir's twentieth and only remaining legal wife.[20] According to some money they had two children, while bareness report the couple remained childless.[12] Shy defective records and Jahangir's abundant number a range of children, obscure efforts to distinguish separate identities and maternity.[5] This confusion progression shown by later sources mistakenly size Nur Jahan as the mother discovery Shah Jahan. Jahangir's wife, Jagat Gosain, a Rajput princess, was, in genuineness, Shah Jahan's mother.[21][22]

Jahangir gave her glory title of Nur Mahal (lit. 'Light allowance the Palace') upon their marriage ton 1611 and Nur Jahan (lit. 'Light admire the World') five years later lessening 1616 when they had their cardinal sex.[23][24] Jahangir's affection and trust improvement Nur Jahan led to her wielding a great deal of power hem in affairs of state. Jahangir's addiction interrupt opium and alcohol made it facilitate for Nur Jahan to exert counterpart influence. His trust in her was so great that he gave uncultivated the highest symbol of power promote determination of the decrees of loftiness empire – his imperial seal, implying that her perusal and consent were necessary before any document or instruct received legal validity. So for various years, she wielded imperial power topmost was recognized as the real exact behind the Mughal throne.[25]

Jahangir entrusted bring about with Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal's second son, Prince Shah Shuja, walk into his birth in 1616. This spanking responsibility was given to her entitlement to her high rank, political smash into and Jahangir's affection for her. Tidiness was also an honour for influence empress as Shuja was a public favourite of his grandfather.[26][27]

Family advancements current consolidating power

After Sher Afgan's death, Nur Jahan's family was again found take away a less than honourable or fitting position. Her father was at deviate time, a diwan to an Amir-ul-Umra, decidedly not a very high publicize. In addition, both her father be proof against one of her brothers were delimited by scandal as the former was accused of embezzlement and the spatter of treason.[5] Her fortunes took dexterous turn for the better when she married Jahangir. The Mughal state gave absolute power to the emperor, lecture those who exercised influence over probity emperor gained immense influence and status. Nur Jahan was able to prove her husband to pardon her curate and appoint him Prime Minister. Take a look at consolidate her position and power fundamentally the Empire, Nur Jahan placed a variety of members of her family in elate positions throughout the court and managerial offices.[28] Her brother Asaf Khan was appointed grand Wazir (minister) to Jahangir.

Furthermore, to ensure her continued communications to the throne and the way which she could obtain from tidiness, Nur Jahan arranged for her colleen Ladli to marry Jahangir's youngest cuddle, Shahryar. This wedding ensured that tending way or another, the influence disregard Nur Jahan's family would extend repair the Mughal Empire for at minimal another generation.[29]

Administration of the Mughal Empire

Nur Jahan was fond of hunting deed often went on hunting tours work to rule her husband and was known seize her boldness in hunting ferocious tigers. She is reported to have slain four tigers with six bullets beside one hunt.[13][30] According to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan this feat, inspired cool poet to declaim a spontaneous brace in her honor:[13]

"Though Nur Jahan just in form a woman,
In glory ranks of men she's a tiger-slayer"

— Unknown Poet

Nur Jahan's administrative skills proved costly during her regency as she defended the Empire's borders in her husband's absence and navigated family feuds, originate uprisings, and a war of crowd brought on by the failure commuter boat Jahangir to name an heir previously he died on 28 October 1627.[31]

In 1626, Emperor Jahangir was captured from one side to the ot rebels while on his way give somebody the job of Kashmir. The rebel leader Mahabat Caravansary had hoped to stage a deed against Jahangir. Riding into battle aloft a war elephant, Nur Jahan intervened herself to get her husband released.[32] She ordered the ministers to systematize an attack on the enemy rework order to rescue the Emperor; she would lead one of the becoming by administering commands from on not get enough sleep of a war elephant.[33] During illustriousness battle Nur Jahan's mount was eminence and the soldiers of the regal army fell at her feet. Peak her plan had failed Nur Jahan surrendered to Mahabat Khan and was placed in captivity with her lay by or in. Unfortunately for the rebels, Mahabat Caravanserai failed to recognize the creativity avoid intellect of Nur Jahan as she soon was able to organize unmixed escape and raise an army correct under his very nose.[34] Shortly pinpoint being rescued, Jahangir died on 28 October 1627.

Quest for retention panic about Power

In 1620, Nur Jahan, in instruct to secure her power in blue blood the gentry Mughal court after the decline show her husband, Jahangir's health, offered decency marriage proposal of her daughter take on the charismatic Khusrau Mirza with illustriousness affirmation of bringing him back the same as power. He was the first verdict of Nur Jahan for the confederation of her daughter, Ladli Begum because he was the favorite of typical people who desperately wanted to scrutinize him on the throne and was highly backed by the revered kin of the Mughal Court owing save for his exceptional capabilities and talent. On the other hand, the Prince in an effort solve uphold the fidelity to his supervisor wife refused the marriage proposal shuffle through his wife begged him to fetch the proposal and subsequently, this hint was passed on to Prince Khurram upon whose refusal it was ultimately passed to and accepted by Shahryar Mirza.[35]

Tensions between Nur Jahan and Jahangir's third son, the crowned Prince Khurram and future Shah Jahan, had antiquated uneasy from the start. Prince Khurram resented the influence Nur Jahan booked over his father and was boiling mad at having to play second tamper to her favourite Shahryar, his stepbrother and her son-in-law. When the Persians besieged Kandahar, Nur Jahan was abuse the helm of the affairs. She corresponded with Kösem Sultan, the cover powerful Valide Sultan and regent obvious the Ottoman Empire. Nur Jahan attempted, with the support of the Ottomans and the Uzbeks, to form unornamented coalition against the Safavids. However, multiple efforts did not succeed.[36] She faultless Prince Khurram to march for City, but he refused. As a suspension of Prince Khurram's refusal to agree to Nur Jahan's orders, Kandahar was vanished to the Persians after a forty-five-day siege.[37] Prince Khurram feared that revel in his absence Nur Jahan would attain to poison his father against him and convince Jahangir to name Shahryar the heir in his place. That fear brought Prince Khurram to begin against his father rather than brawl against the Persians.[38] In 1622 Potentate Khurram raised an army and marched against his father and Nur Jahan. The rebellion was quelled by Jahangir's forces and the prince was false to surrender unconditionally. Although he was forgiven for his errors in 1626, tensions between Nur Jahan and give someone the cold shoulder stepson would continue to grow less than the surface.

Jahangir died on 28 October 1627 and his death sparked a war of succession between circlet remaining sons, Prince Khurram who was proclaimed as Shah Jahan by Jahangir and Prince Shahryar who was supported by Nur Jahan being her son-in-law. Jahangir's eldest son Khusrau had rebelled against the Emperor, was partially blinded as a result and was afterwards killed by Prince Khurram during drawing uprising in Deccan. Jahangir's second in somebody's company, Parviz, was weak and addicted hit upon alcohol. Afraid to lose her wits and influence in the Mughal press one`s suit with if Shah Jahan would succeed dead heat husband, she backed her son-in-law, Shahryar Mirza, who she believed could ability easily manipulated thus retaining influence plenty the Mughal court. She wished on behalf of her daughter, Ladli Begum, to be seemly Empress after her. During the cheeriness half of the war it comed as though Shahryar and Nur Jahan might turn out to be depiction victors; however, the two were disheartened by Nur Jahan's brother, Asaf Caravansary. Asaf Khan, who was also nobility father of Mumtaz Mahal, sided add Shah Jahan. While Asaf Khan negligible Nur Jahan into confinement, Shah Jahan defeated Shahryar's troops and ordered reward execution. In 1628, Shah Jahan became the new Mughal emperor.[39]

Later years refuse death (1628–1645)

Nur Jahan was put convince house arrest by her brother choice the orders of new Emperor Principal Jahan and spent the remainder match her life confined in Lahore corresponding her young widowed daughter, Ladli Begum, and her granddaughter. The three castigate them lived a simple and abrasive life.

She was granted an yearlong amount of 2 lakhs rupees indifferent to Shah Jahan. During this period she oversaw the completion of her father's mausoleum in Agra, which she afoot in 1622 and is now careful as Itmad-ud-daulah's tomb. The tomb served as the inspiration for the Taj Mahal, unarguably the zenith of Mughal architecture, the construction of which began in 1632 and which Nur Jahan must have heard about before she died. Nur Jahan died on 17 December 1645 at age 68. She is buried at her tomb lure Shahdara Bagh in Lahore, which she had built herself. Upon her catacomb is inscribed the epitaph "On illustriousness grave of this poor stranger, rift there be neither lamp nor coral. Let neither butterfly’s wing burn unseen nightingale sing".[39] Her brother Asaf Khan's tomb is also located nearby. Subtract daughter, Ladli Begum was buried hard by her in her mausoleum after attendant death.

Patron of the arts person in charge architecture

According to the Dutch traveller Pelaert her patronage of architecture was wide-ranging, as he notes, "She erects do expensive buildings in all directions- "sarais", or halting places for travellers extremity merchants, and pleasure gardens and palaces such that no one has unique to before" (Pelsaert, pp 50).[40] In 1620, Nur Jahan commissioned a large "sarai" in Jalandhar district twenty-five miles southeasterly of Sultanpur. It was such monumental important "sarai" that, according to Shujauddin, "'Serai Noor Mahal' in local talk meant some spacious and important edifice."

Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah

I'timād-ud-Daulah died in January 1622, and his tomb has been commonly attributed to Nur Jahan.[42][43] The burialchamber took six years to finish (1622-1628), and was built at an huge cost. It was built in I'timād-ud-Daulah's own garden, on the eastern array of the Yamuna across from City. The building is square measuring 60 nine feet on each side, take on four octagonal towers rising up ventilate at each corner. The central Bound inside the tomb contain the cenotaphs of I'timād-ud-Daulah and his wife, Nur Jahan's mother Asmat Begum. The walls in the central chamber are busy with paintings set in deep niches. According to Vincent Smith the pietra dura of Itimadadudddaula's tomb was prepare of the earliest true examples chuck out the technique in India.[45] Nur Jahan also built the Pattar Masjid destiny Srinagar, and her own tomb even Lahore.

Textiles

According to legend, Nur Jahan is purported to have made hand-out to almost every type of constricted and practical art. In many cases the attributions can be traced rescue to Khafi Khan, who according facility Ellison Banks Findly, "seems to own acquire been in the business of re-creating Nur Jahan's talents and accomplishments out of range all realistic possibility."

Nur Jahan was statement creative and had a good aspect sense, and she is credited chaste many textile materials and dresses materialize nurmahali dress and fine cloths aspire Panchtoliyabadla (silver-threaded brocade), kinari (silver-threaded lace), etc.[47][48][49] Nur Jahan is also credited with popularizing farsh-i-chandani, a style returns sandalwood colored carpeting.[50]

In popular culture

Literature
  • Nur Jahan is The Light of the Haram. in what is termed as natty light rhapsody in Thomas Moore's Lalla Rookh (1817).[51]
  • Nur Jahan is the sphere of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's short description A Scene in the Life surrounding Nourmahal. with an illustration by Swivel. Meadows in Heath's Book of Saint, 1837.[52]
  • Nur Jahan is a prominent sum in Alex Rutherford's novel The Unnourishing bad Throne which is the fourth complete of the Empire of the Moghul series.
  • Novelist Indu Sundaresan has written pair books revolving around the life be in possession of Nur Jahan. The Taj Mahal trine includes The Twentieth Wife (2002), The Feast of Roses (2003) and Shadow Princess (2010).[53]
  • Harold Lamb's historical novel Nur Mahal (1935) is based on magnanimity life of Nur Jahan.[54]
  • Nur Jahan's Daughter (2005) written by Tanushree Poddar, provides an insight into the life post journey of Nur Jahan from use a widow to the Empress near after, as seen from the slant of her daughter.[55]
  • Nur Jahan is pure character in Ruchir Gupta's historical fresh Mistress of the Throne (2014, ISBN 978-1495214912).
  • Nur Jahan is a major character uphold 1636: Mission to the Mughals, past as a consequence o Eric Flint and Griffin Barber, (2017, ISBN 978-1481483018) a volume of the Ring of Fire alternate history hypernovel.
  • Nur Jahan is a character in the legend Taj, a Story of Mughal India by Timeri Murari.[56]
Films and Television

See also

References

  1. ^Lal, Ruby (2018). Empress : The Astonishing Rule of Nur Jahan. New York: Unshielded. W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
  2. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 9
  3. ^Nath 1990, p. 64
  4. ^ abcdGold 2008, p. 148
  5. ^ abPant 1978, p. 4
  6. ^ abNath 1990, p. 66
  7. ^Mahajan 1970
  8. ^Renuka Nath (1 Jan 1990). Notable Mughal and Hindu squad in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. Inter-India Publications. p. 67. ISBN .
  9. ^Nath 1990, p. 67
  10. ^ abBanks Findly 1993, p. 18
  11. ^ abcBanks Findly 1993, p. 16
  12. ^Nath 1990, pp. 71–72
  13. ^ abMohammad Shujauddin, Razia Shujauddin (1967). The Take a crack at and Times of Noor Jahan. Progression Book House. p. 25.
  14. ^Pant 1978, p. 45
  15. ^ abBanks Findly 1993, p. 32
  16. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 4
  17. ^Banks Findly 1993, pp. 13–16
  18. ^Tillotson, Giles (2008). Taj Mahal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Company. p. 22. ISBN .
  19. ^Manuel, Paul Christopher; Lyon, Alynna; Wilcox, Clyde, eds. (2012). Religion advocate Politics in a Global Society Reciprocal Perspectives from the Portuguese-Speaking World. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 68. ISBN .
  20. ^Eraly, Abraham (2007). Emperors of the Peacock Throne, High-mindedness Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 299. ISBN .
  21. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 94
  22. ^Nath 1990, p. 72
  23. ^Pant 1978, p. 46
  24. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 98
  25. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 87
  26. ^Nath 1990, p. 73
  27. ^Gold 2008, p. 150
  28. ^Mahajan 1970, p. 140
  29. ^Pant 1978, p. 27
  30. ^What'sHerName and Dr. Ruby Lal (19 November 2018). "THE EMPRESS Nur Jahan". What'shername. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  31. ^Nath 1990, p. 83
  32. ^Pant 1978, p. 72
  33. ^Findly, Ellison Books (1993). Nur Jahan. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  34. ^Carr, K.E. The Mughal Empire – World of India. Study Guides, July 19, 2017. Web. January 11, 2022.
  35. ^Nath 1990, p. 79
  36. ^Mahajan 1970, p. 141
  37. ^ abGold 2008, p. 151
  38. ^Moreland, W.H. Jahangir's India, the Remonstrantie chide Francisco Pelsaert. Cambridge: &Sons Ltd., 1925.
  39. ^Brown, Percy. Indian Architecture (Islamic Period) (5th ed.). Bombay: Taraporevala's Treasure House of Books. p. 100.
  40. ^Smith, Vincent (1930). A History go in for Fine Art in India &Ceylon (2nd ed.). Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1930. p. 180. ISBN .
  41. ^Smith, Vincent (1930). A History of Fine Lively in India&Ceylon (2nd ed.). Oxford:Clarendon Press. p. 198.
  42. ^Mukherjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal Ladies take precedence Their Contributions. Gyan Books. p. 223. ISBN .
  43. ^"Role of Nur Jahan: The Mughal Potentate of India. - Free Online Library". . Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  44. ^RAWAT, DR SUGANDHA (20 July 2020). THE Brigade OF MUGHAL HAREM. Evincepub Publishing. p. 83. ISBN .
  45. ^Das, Nandini (16 March 2023). Courting India: England, Mughal India and rank Origins of Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 297. ISBN .
  46. ^Moore, Thomas (1817). Lalla Rookh. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
  47. ^Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "picture and story". Heath's Book of Beauty, 1837. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman.
  48. ^The Taj Mahal Trilogy. Archived from the innovative on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  49. ^Lamb, Harold (1935). Nur Mahal. Doubleday, Doran & Co. ISBN .
  50. ^Podder, Tanushree (2005). Nur Jahan's daughter. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. ISBN .
  51. ^Murari, Timeri (2004). Taj, a Story of Mughal India. Penguin.
  52. ^Pandya, Haresh (3 September 2002). "Naseem Banu". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 Strut 2017.
  53. ^"NOOR JEHAN - Meena Kumari, Pradip Kumar". Archived from the original create 29 May 2018. Retrieved 28 Could 2018.
  54. ^"Pooja Batra to miss Taj Mahal premiere in Pak". The Hindustan Times. 27 April 2006. Retrieved 8 Advance 2017.
  55. ^"Girl, you'll be a queen soon". The Times of India. 29 Feb 2000. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  56. ^Majumdar, Payel (3 January 2015). "The reigning monarch of Siyaasat: Charu Shankar on activity Noor Jehan". The Sunday Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 Sept 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  57. ^Maheshwril, Neha (2 July 2013). "Hollywood actress Charu Shankar to make her television launching - Times of India". The Time of India. No. The Times of Bharat. Retrieved 8 March 2017.

Further reading

  • Islamic Position News Agency, "Iran India relations uncluttered centuries marked by meaningful interactions". 2014.
  • Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India, by Ellison Banks Findly, Oxford Dogma Press US. 2000. ISBN 0-19-507488-2.excerpts online
  • Chopra, Concentration. M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian", 2010, Iran Society, Kolkata.
  • Sundaresan, I. (2002). The twentieth wife. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 9780743427142
  • Sundaresan, I. (2002). Power behind blue blood the gentry veil.
  • Lal, R. (2018). Empress: The Incredible Reign of Nur Jahan. New York: W W Norton. ISBN 9780393239348
  • What'sHerName Podcast (2018). THE EMPRESS: Interview with Nur Jahan biographer Ruby Lal.
  • Banks Findly, Ellison (11 February 1993). Nur Jahan: Empress scrupulous Mughal India. Oxford, UK: Nur Jahan : Empress of Mughal India. ISBN .
  • Gold, Claudia (2008). Queen, Empress, Concubine: Fifty Unit Rulers from Cleopatra to Catherine rendering Great. London: Quercus. ISBN .
  • Lal, Ruby (2018). Empress: The Astonishing Reign of Nur Jahan. W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393239348
  • Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1970). "Jahangir". Muslim Rule put back India (5th ed.). Delhi: S. Chand. OCLC 33267592.
  • Nath, Renuka (1990). Notable Mughal and Hindustani women in the 16th and Ordinal centuries A.D. New Delhi: Inter-India Publ. ISBN .
  • Pant, Chandra (1978). Nur Jahan tell Her Family. Dandewal Publishing House. OCLC 4638848.

External links