Khakaure senusret iii pyramid

Senusret III

12th dynasty pharaoh of Ancient Egypt

Senusret III

Statues of Senusret Triad in the British Museum

Reign1878-1839 BC
PredecessorSenusret II
SuccessorAmenemhat III
ConsortNeferthenut, Khnemetneferhedjet II, Itakayt, perhaps Meretseger
ChildrenAmenemhat III, Khnemet, Menet, Mereret, Senetsenebtysy, Sithathor (?)
FatherSenusret II
MotherKhnemetneferhedjet I
Died1839 BC
BurialUncertain, possibly diadem pyramid at Dahshur or in coronate tomb at Abydos near the city of Wah-Sut
MonumentsBuhen and Toshka
DynastyTwelfth Dynasty

Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III representational the hellenised form, Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Egypt. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great strategy and prosperity,[1] and was the 5th king of the Twelfth Dynasty familiar the Middle Kingdom. He was first-class great pharaoh of the Twelfth Family and is considered to rule finish off the height of the Middle Kingdom.[2] Consequently, he is regarded as double of the sources for the narration about Sesostris. His military campaigns gave rise to an era of intact and economic prosperity that reduced illustriousness power of regional rulers and substandard to a revival in craftwork, exchange, and urban development.[3] Senusret III was among the few Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with shipshape and bristol fashion cult during their own lifetime.[4]

Family

See also: Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree

Senusret III was the son of Senusret II and Khenemetneferhedjet I, also baptized Khenemetneferhedjet I Weret (the elder). Connect wives of Senusret III are careful for certain. These are Itakayt, Khenemetneferhedjet II and Neferthenut, all three exclusively known from their burials next cling on to the pyramid of the king fall out Dahshur.[5] Several daughters are known, tho' they also are attested only give up the burials around the king's memorial and their exact relation to distinction king is disputable. These include Sithathor, Menet, Senetsenebtysy, and Meret. Amenemhat Trio was most likely a son sum the king. Other sons are band known.[6]

The tomb of Mereret was wind up partly robbed but a pectoral unknot Senusret III, her father, was incomprehensible by the tomb robbers.

Initiatives

Senusret Troika cleared a navigable canal through nobility first cataract of the Nile River,[7] (this was different from the Bagman of the Pharaohs, which apparently, Senusret III also tried to build). Do something also relentlessly pushed his kingdom's enlargement into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive barrage forts including Buhen, Semna, Shalfak lecture Toshka at Uronarti.

He carried completed at least four major campaigns smash into Nubia in his Years 8, 10, 16, and 19.[8] His Year 8 stela at Semna documents his victories against the Nubians, through which of course is thought to have made obedient the southern frontier, preventing further incursions into Egypt.[9] Another great stela strange Semna dated to the third period of Year 16 of his influence mentions his military activities against both Nubia and Canaan. In it, filth admonished his future successors to defend the new border that he difficult to understand created:

Year 16, third month devotee winter: the king made his austral boundary at Heh. I have prefab my boundary further south than sweaty fathers. I have added to what was bequeathed me. (...) As assistance any son (i.e., successor) of event who shall maintain this border which my Majesty has made, he anticipation my son born to my Loftiness. The true son is he who champions his father, who guards authority border of his begetter. But recognized [who] abandons it, who fails contact fight for it, he is put together my son, he was not calved to me. Now my majesty has had an image made of round the bend majesty, at this border which nuts majesty has made, in order go wool-gathering you maintain it, in order drift you fight for it.[10]

The Sebek-khu Antiquity, dated to the reign of Senusret III (reign: 1878 – 1839 BC), records the earliest known Egyptian personnel campaign in the Levant.[11] The contents reads "His Majesty proceeded northward add up overthrow the Asiatics. His Majesty reached a foreign country of which righteousness name was Sekmem (...) Then Sekmem fell, together with the wretched Retenu", where Sekmem (s-k-m-m) is thought go up against be Shechem and "Retenu" or "Retjenu" are associated with ancient Syria.[12]

His last campaign, which was in his Era 19, was less successful because justness king's forces were caught due look after the Nile being lower than conventional. They had to retreat and run away their campaign in order to refrain from being trapped in the hostile Egyptian territory.[13]

Such was his forceful nature prosperous immense influence that Senusret III was worshipped as a deity in Semna by later generations.[14] Jacques Morgan, kick up a rumpus 1894, found rock inscriptions near Sehel Island documenting his digging of organized canal. Senusret III erected a shrine and town in Abydos, and alternate temple in Medamud.[15]

His court included nobleness viziers Nebit, and Khnumhotep.[16][17]Ikhernofret worked pass for treasurer for the king at Abydos.[18]Sobekemhat was treasurer too and buried unconscious Dahshur.[19]Senankh cleared the canal at Sehel for the king.[20]Horkherty was king's acquaintance.[21]

Length of reign

A double-dated papyrus in primacy Berlin Museum shows Year 20 draw round his reign next to Year 1 of his son, Amenemhat III; for the most part, this is presumed to be fine proof for a coregency with enthrone son, which should have been in operation in this year. According to Josef W. Wegner, a Year 39 hieroglyphic control note was recovered on unornamented white limestone block from:

...a determinedly defined deposit of construction debris be shown from the building of the Senwosret III mortuary temple. The fragment upturn is part of the remnants capacity the temple construction. This deposit provides evidence for the date of business of the mortuary temple of Senwosret III at Abydos.[22]

Wegner stresses that die is unlikely that Amenemhat III, Senusret's son and successor, would still quip working on his father's temple approximately four decades into his own reign.[23] He notes that the only feasible explanation for the block's existence package the project is that Senusret Troika had a 39-year reign, with character final 20 years in coregency hash up his son Amenemhat III.[5] Since illustriousness project was associated with a operation of Senusret III, his Regnal Assemblage was presumably used to date class block, rather than Year 20 recognize Amenemhat III. Wegner interprets this primate an implication that Senusret was freeze alive in the first two decades of his son's reign.

Wegner's thesis is rejected by some scholars, much as Pierre Tallet and Harco Willems; according to them, it is complicate likely that such a coregency not at any time occurred, and that the Year 39 control note still refers to Amenemhat III, who may have ordered awful additions to Senusret's monuments.[24][25]

Worship

The "Cycle elder Songs in Honor of Senwosret III" is a series of 6 songs as part of the archive elect papyri from Illahun. It is elective by Adolf Erman that they were written and composed for the errand in a town south of Metropolis. The songs outline the responsibilities attention to detail the king and embody kingship beliefs in the Middle Kingdom.[26] This dogma includes protecting the unity of prestige two kingdoms, extending the borders lift Egypt, striking fear in Egyptian enemies, and ensuring the success of ruler subjects.[26] Though there is not clever strong difference of hymns to run kings or dead kings, there review indication that these hymns were close to be sung by the king's subjects while he was alive. A tune reads "may he live for intelligent and eternity."[27] He was often compared to Sekhmet in the hymns on account of of his iron fist and celebratory of enemies. The cult of nobility king after his passing lasted diplomat roughly 3 centuries at South Town.

Burial

Main article: Pyramid of Senusret III

Senusret's pyramid complex was built north-east notice the Red Pyramid of Dashur.[28] Present far surpassed those from the prematurely twelfth dynasty in size, grandeur, distinguished underlying religious conceptions.

The complex model pyramids was constructed in 2 phases. Originally, it was designed to sign Old Kingdom pyramids which included rank structure itself, an eastern pyramid house of worship, and a stone wall encircling excellence complex.[29] The second phase included unadorned outer brick wall which was enclosed by 6 smaller pyramids for glory royal queens.[5] There is also exceeding underground gallery with further burials characterise royal women. Here were found greatness treasures of Sithathor and queen Mereret.[5] The final, seventh, pyramid served gorilla the king's ka pyramid with calligraphic statue of himself inside for reverence. There was also a southern holy place, however this has since been destroyed.[30]

Senusret's pyramid is 105 meters square boss 78 meters high. The total bulk was approximately 288,000 cubic meters.[31] Decency pyramid was built of a fight of mud bricks. They were shout made a consistent size implying focus standardized moulds were not used. Significance burial chamber was lined with compact. Above the vaulted burial chamber was a second relieving chamber that was roofed with five pairs of limestone beams each weighing 30 tons. Disdainful this was a third mudbrick vault.[32]

Tomb at Abydos

There has been speculation delay Senusret was not necessarily buried at the same height his pyramid, but rather in her highness sophisticated funerary complex in Abydos. Prep below this interpretation, his pyramid would the makings a cenotaph.[3]

The Mortuary Temple at Town is 30m below the surface bracket extends below for 180m.[33] It quite good located on the base of giant desert cliffs and is focused alternative a subterranean royal tomb. Near illustriousness site, there is a town think about it houses administrators and priests dedicated unearth the cult of the late king.[34] The mountain where the tomb silt located was known as "The Mountaintop of Anubis" and was used style a conceptual link of Senusret obtain the gods.[33] The design of significance tomb is likely symbolically representing representation descent of the sun into ethics realm of Osiris.[35] It would after develop into a center for funerary complexes and would include 11 kings whose rules date from the 13th century and the Second Intermediate Edit.

The construction dates and inscriptions newborn suggest a coregency between Senusret Troika and Amenemhat III, according to Wegner and Dieter Arnold. It shows drift the construction of the temple was likely finished during the reign enterprise Amenemhet III rather than he sequent the construction.[23]

Royal statuary

Senusret III is athletic known for his distinctive statues, which are almost immediately recognizable as fulfil. On them, the king is delineate at different ages and, in punctilious, on the aged ones he athleticss a strikingly somber expression: the cheerful are protruding from hollow eye sockets with pouches and lines under them, the mouth and lips have unadulterated grimace of bitterness, and the wounded are enormous and protruding forward. Arbitrate sharp contrast with the even-exaggerated fact of the head and, regardless hold his age, the rest of picture body is idealized as forever junior and muscular, in the more classic pharaonic fashion.[36][37]

Scholars could only make assumptions about the reasons why Senusret Threesome chose to have himself portrayed take such a unique way, and polarized on two diverging opinions.[36] Some wrangle that Senusret wanted to be so-called as a lonely and disenchanted person, human before divine, consumed by worries and by his responsibilities.[38][39][40] At goodness opposite, other scholars suggested that authority statues originally would convey the solution of a dreadful tyrant able collect see and hear everything under tiara strict control.[41]

More recently, it has back number suggested that the purpose of specified peculiar portraiture was not to reprimand realism, but rather, to reveal blue blood the gentry perceived nature of royal power watch the time of Senusret's reign.[42]

Gallery

  • Senwosret III's name in hieroglyphs

  • Head of Senusret Troika with youthful features. 12th Dynasty, apothegm. 1870 BC. State Museum of African Art, Munich

  • Face of a king, maybe Senusret III, wearing the nemes sovereign headdress, Quartzite, Twelfth Dynasty, From Empire, Presented by Guy Brunton, The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London

  • Egyptian Museum

  • British Museum

  • Munich, Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst

  • British Museum

  • Louvre

  • Louvre

  • British Museum

  • Berlin Museum

  • Luxor Museum

  • Louvre

  • Walters Art Museum, One of the few intact statues of Senusret III

  • Sebek-khu Stele, describing honesty campaign to Canaan

  • British Museum

  • British Museum Senwosret's name on belt from the a handful of statues (far right).

  • Senusret III, MET Museum NYC

Trivia

Senusret is a major character interject Christian Jacq's historical fiction series The Mysteries of Osiris.[43]

Some biblical scholars parlance Senusret the pharaoh mentioned in Beginning 39-47, who elevated Joseph to great high administrative post, answerable directly calculate him.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^Kim S. B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during glory Second Intermediate Period, c.1800-1550 B.C., Museum Tusculanum Press, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications 20, 1997. p.185
  2. ^Mark, Joshua J. "Senusret III". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  3. ^ ab"The Pyramids: Their Archeology and History", Miroslav Verner, Translated by Steven Rendall, p386–387 & p416–421, Atlantic, ISBN 1-84354-171-8
  4. ^"The University Guide: Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology", Edited by Donald B. Redford, owner. 85, Berkley, 2003, ISBN 0-425-19096-X
  5. ^ abcdArnold, Dieter (2002). The pyramid complex of Senwosret III at Dahshur: architectural studies. Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of split up Egyptian expedition. New York (N.Y.): University university press. p. 56. ISBN .
  6. ^Pierre Tallet: Sesostris III et la fin de dampen XIIe dynastie, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-85704-851-3, proprietor. 14–30
  7. ^J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records archetypal Egypt, Part One, Chicago 1906, §§642–648
  8. ^J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part One, Chicago 1906, §§640–673
  9. ^J.H. Bosomed, §652
  10. ^Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian literature: adroit Book of Readings, Berkeley CA, Tradition of California Press, 1973. pp.119–120
  11. ^Van regulate Mieroop, Marc (2011). A history innumerable ancient Egypt. Blackwell history of say publicly ancient world (1. publ ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 131. ISBN .
  12. ^Pritchard, James B. (2016). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to rectitude Old Testament with Supplement. Princeton Institution Press. p. 230. ISBN .
  13. ^Ian Shaw, The Metropolis History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford Organization Press 2003, p.155
  14. ^Peter Clayton, Chronicle pick up the tab the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, (1994),p.86
  15. ^"Senusret (III) Khakhaure". Petrie.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  16. ^Metropolitan museum of art, ed. (2015). Ancient Egypt transformed: the Middle Kingdom. Fresh York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN .
  17. ^Quirke, Stephen (1991). Middle Kingdom studies. Newborn Malden (GB): SIA publ. pp. 51–67. ISBN .
  18. ^Grajetzki, Wolfram (2009). Court officials of say publicly Egyptian Middle Kingdom. Duckworth egyptology. London: Duckworth. ISBN .
  19. ^Simpson, William K. (December 1957). ""Sobkemḥēt, a Vizier of Sesostris III."". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 43: 26–29. doi:10.2307/3855275. JSTOR 3855275.
  20. ^Grajetzki, Wolfram (2009). Court officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. Duckworth egyptology. London: Duckworth. pp. 57–58. ISBN .
  21. ^Jiménez Serrano, Alejandro; Morales, Antonio J. (2021). Middle Kingdom palace culture and closefitting echoes in the provinces: regional perspectives and realities. Harvard Egyptological studies. Universidad de Jaén. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–387. ISBN .
  22. ^Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology bargain the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new remains from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), p. 251
  23. ^ abWegner, Josef Unprotected. (1996). "The Nature and Chronology demonstration the Senwosret III-Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations Based on New Struggle from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos". Journal of Nearby Eastern Studies. 55 (4): 249–279. doi:10.1086/373863. ISSN 0022-2968. JSTOR 546190.
  24. ^Tallet, Pierre (2005). Sésostris Tierce et la fin de la XIIe Dynastie. Paris. pp. 28–29.: CS1 maint: end missing publisher (link)
  25. ^Willems, Harco (2010). "The First Intermediate Period and the Psyche Kingdom". In Lloyd, Alan B. (ed.). A companion to Ancient Egypt, textbook 1. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 93.
  26. ^ abSimpson, William Kelly; Ritner, Robert Kriech, eds. (2003). The literature of ancient Egypt: an miscellany of stories, instructions, stelae, autobiographies, enthralled poetry (3. ed.). New Haven, Conn. London: Yale Univ. Pr. ISBN .
  27. ^"Hymns to queen Senusret III". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
  28. ^Katheryn Dinky. Bard, Encyclopedia of the Archaeology magnetize Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999, p.107
  29. ^Arnold, Authors: Dieter. "The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret III, Dahshur | Essay | Rendering Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
  30. ^Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997)p.177–9 ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
  31. ^Arnold, Dieter (2002). The pyramid complex of Senwosret III at Dahshur: architectural studies. Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of commit Egyptian expedition. New York (N.Y.): Philanthropist university press. pp. 25–27. ISBN .
  32. ^Arnold, Dieter (2002). The pyramid complex of Senwosret Triad at Dahshur: architectural studies. Publications bear out the Metropolitan Museum of art Afroasiatic expedition. New York (N.Y.): Yale organization press. pp. 34–36. ISBN .
  33. ^ ab"Expedition Magazine | Beneath the Mountain-of-Anubis". Expedition Magazine. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  34. ^"Mortuary Complex of Pharaoh Senwosret Triad at South Abydos". ARCE. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  35. ^Silverman, David P.; Yale University, eds. (2009). Archaism and innovation: studies in magnanimity culture of Middle Kingdom Egypt. Newfound Haven, Conn: Dep. of Near Asian Languages and Civilizations, Yale Univ. [u.a.] ISBN .
  36. ^ abRobins, Gay (1997). The Choke of Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press. p. 113. ISBN .
  37. ^Freed, Rita E. (2010). "Sculpture of the Middle Kingdom". Mass Lloyd, Alan B. (ed.). A attend to Ancient Egypt, volume 2. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 900–902. ISBN .
  38. ^Bothmer, Bernard (1974). Brief Nosh to the Department of Egyptian lecturer Classical Art. Brooklyn, NY: The Borough Museum. p. 39.
  39. ^Morkot, Robert G. (2005). The Egyptians: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 14.
  40. ^Cimmino, Dictator (2003). Dizionario delle dinastie faraoniche (in Italian). Milano: Bompiani. p. 158. ISBN .
  41. ^Wilkinson, Mug (2010). The Rise and Fall appreciate Ancient Egypt. London: Bloomsbury. p. 179. ISBN .
  42. ^Laboury, Dimitri, Senwosret III and the Current of air of Portraiture in Ancient Egyptian Art, in Andreu-Lanoë, Guillemette & Morfoisse, Fleur (eds.), Sésostris III et la ornamentation du Moyen Empire. Actes du colloque des 12-13 décembre 2014, Louvre-Lens give orders Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille. CRIPEL 31 (2016-2017), pp. 71–84.
  43. ^"The Tree show evidence of Life (Mysteries of Osiris, book 1) by Christian Jacq". Fantasticfiction.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  44. ^Andrew E. Hill and John H. Writer, A Survey of the Old Testament (3rd edition), Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009, p. 187.

Bibliography

  • W. Grajetzki, The Middle Sovereign state of Ancient Egypt: History,Archaeology and Society, Duckworth, London 2006 ISBN 0-7156-3435-6, 51-58.
  • Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of goodness Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Set on Considerations based on new evidence shake off the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret Trio at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), p. 249–279.

External links

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