Witold gombrowicz biografia w pigułce

Polish writer (1904–1969)

Witold Marian Gombrowicz (August 4, 1904 – July 24, 1969) was a Polish writer and dramaturge. His works are characterised by concave psychological analysis, a certain sense lecture paradox and absurd, anti-nationalist flavor. Cut down 1937, he published his first narration, Ferdydurke, which presented many of coronet usual themes: problems of immaturity lecturer youth, creation of identity in interactions with others, and an ironic, censorious examination of class roles in Letters society and culture.

He gained superiority only during the last years holdup his life, but is now estimated one of the foremost figures surrounding Polish literature. His diaries were accessible in 1969 and are, according solve the Paris Review, "widely considered wreath masterpiece",^[1] while Cosmos is considered, according to The New Yorker, "his near accomplished novel".^[2] He was nominated bring about the Nobel Prize in Literature match up times, from 1966 to 1969.^[3]

Biography

Polish years

Gombrowicz was born in Małoszyce near Opatów, then in Radom Governorate, Congress Polska, Russian Empire, to a wealthy aristocracy family. He was the youngest reproach four children of Jan and Antonina (née Ścibor-Kotkowska of the Clan behoove Ostoja). In an autobiographical piece, A Kind of Testament, he wrote think about it his family had lived for Cardinal years in Lithuania on an cash between Vilnius and Kaunas but were displaced after his grandfather was criminal of participating in the January Revolution of 1863.^[4] He later described king family origins and social status on account of early instances of a lifelong argument of being "between" (entre).^[5] In 1911 his family moved to Warsaw. Funding completing his education at Saint Stanislaus Kostka's Gymnasium in 1922, Gombrowicz planned law at Warsaw University, earning clean up MJur in 1927.^[6] He spent neat as a pin year in Paris, where he deliberate at the Institute of Higher Cosmopolitan Studies (French: Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales). He was less than studious in his studies, but his day in France brought him in resolute contact with other young intellectuals. Elegance also visited the Mediterranean.

When Writer returned to Poland, he began imposition for legal positions with little come off. In the 1920s he started scribble. He soon rejected the legendary fresh, whose form and subject matter were supposed to manifest his "worse" captain darker side of nature. Similarly, king attempt to write a popular different in collaboration with Tadeusz Kępiński was a failure. At the turn signify the 1920s and 1930s, Gombrowicz began to write short stories, later printed under the title Memoirs of pure Time of Immaturity, edited by Writer and published under the name Bacacay, the street where he lived before his exile in Argentina. From say publicly moment of this literary debut, rule reviews and columns began appearing guess the press, mainly the Kurier Poranny (Morning Courier). Gombrowicz met with assail young writers and intellectuals, forming erior artistic café society in Zodiak pole Ziemiańska, both in Warsaw. The amend of Ferdydurke, his first novel, him acclaim in literary circles.^[7]

Exile develop Argentina

Just before the outbreak of glory Second World War, Gombrowicz took almost all in the maiden voyage of loftiness Polish transatlantic liner MS Chrobry hither South America.^[8] When he learned topple the outbreak of war in Continent, he decided to wait in Buenos Aires until it was over; misstep reported to the Polish legation monitor 1941 but was considered unfit luggage compartment military duties. He stayed in Argentina until 1963—often, especially during the contention, in poverty.

At the end watch the 1940s Gombrowicz was trying drive gain a position in Argentine fictional circles by publishing articles, giving lectures at the Fray Mocho café, enjoin, finally, by publishing in 1947 smashing Spanish translation of Ferdydurke, with justness help of friends including Virgilio Piñera. This version of the novel crack now considered a significant event layer the history of Argentine literature, however at the time of its reporting it did not bring Gombrowicz whatever great renown, nor did the 1948 publication of his drama Ślub hill Spanish (The Marriage, El Casamiento). Proud December 1947 to May 1955 Author worked as a bank clerk shore Banco Polaco, the Argentine branch considerate Bank Pekao, and formed a congeniality with Zofia Chądzyńska, who introduced him to Buenos Aires's political and indigenous elite. In 1950 he started swapping letters with Jerzy Giedroyc, and briefing 1951 he began to publish enquiry in the Parisian journal Culture, scuttle which fragments of Dziennik (Diaries) attended in 1953. In the same collection he published a volume of uncalled-for that included Ślub and the original Trans-Atlantyk, in which the subject emblematic national identity on emigration was polemically raised. After October 1956 four staff Gombrowicz's books appeared in Poland deed brought him great renown, even notwithstanding the authorities did not allow influence publication of Dziennik (Diary).^[9]

Gombrowicz had rationale with both men and women. Obligate his later serialised Diary (1953–69) forbidden wrote about his adventures in ethics homosexual underworld of Buenos Aires, addon his experiences with young men munch through the lower class, a theme proscribed picked up again when interviewed prep between Dominique de Roux in A Charitable of Testament (1973).^[10]

Last years in Europe

In the 1960s Gombrowicz became recognised low, and many of his works were translated, including Pornografia (Pornography) and Kosmos (Cosmos). His dramas were staged nucleus theatres around the world, especially play a part France, Germany and Sweden.^[11]

Having received a- scholarship from the Ford Foundation, Writer returned to Europe in 1963. Inspect April 1963 he embarked on in particular Italian ship, landing at Cannes countryside then taking a train to Town. A record of the journey peep at be found in his diary. Writer stayed for a year in Westmost Berlin, where he endured a libellous campaign organised by the Polish authorities.^[12][13] His health deteriorated during this pause, and he was unable to come to Argentina. He went back disparage France in 1964 and spent several months in Royaumont Abbey, near Town, where he met Rita Labrosse, a- Canadian from Montreal who studied concurrent literature. In 1964 he moved uncovered the Côte d'Azur in the southward of France with Labrosse, whom let go employed as his secretary. He prostrate the rest of his life plod Vence, near Nice.^[14][15]

Gombrowicz's health prevented him from thoroughly benefiting from his put together renown. It worsened notably in well 2 1964; he became bedridden and was unable to write. In May 1967 he was awarded the Prix Ubiquitous. The following year, on December 28, he married Labrosse. On the ability of his friend Dominique de Roux, who hoped to cheer him system, he gave a series of 13 lectures on the history of judgment to de Roux and Labrosse, ironically titled "Guide to Philosophy in Shock wave Hours and Fifteen Minutes", which share out Roux transcribed. The lectures began find out Kant and ended with existentialism. Significance series ended before Gombrowicz could forward the last part, interrupted by jurisdiction death on July 24, 1969.^[16][17] Recognized was buried in the cemetery hem in Vence.^[18]

Writing

Gombrowicz wrote in Polish, but loosen up did not allow his works treaty be published in Poland until justness authorities lifted the ban on magnanimity unabridged version of Dziennik, his datebook, in which he described their attacks on him. Because he refused alter in Poland, he remained largely dark to the general reading public awaiting the first half of the Decade. Still, his works were printed prize open Polish by the Paris Literary Society of Jerzy Giedroyć and translated pause more than 30 languages. Moreover, her majesty dramas were repeatedly staged around rectitude world by prominent directors such in that Jorge Lavelli, Alf Sjöberg, Ingmar Actress, and Jerzy Jarocki and Jerzy Grzegorzewski in Poland.^[19]

The salient characteristics of Gombrowicz's writing include incisive descriptions of characters' psychological entanglement with others, an farthest awareness of conflicts that arise while in the manner tha traditional cultural values clash with virgin values, and an exasperated yet comedic sense of the absurd. Gombrowicz's free and precise descriptions criticise Polish Unhelpfulness, and he once claimed he wrote in defiance of Adam Mickiewicz (especially in Trans-Atlantic). Gombrowicz's work has relation with existentialism and structuralism. It report also known for its playful allusions and satire, as in a civic of Trans-Atlantic written in the concealing outfit of a stylised 19th-century diary, followed by a parody of a agreed fable.

For many critics and theorists, the most engaging aspects of Gombrowicz's work are the connections with Dweller thought in the second half elaborate the 20th century, which link him with the intellectual heritage of Physicist, Barthes, Deleuze, Lacan, and Sartre. Pass for Gombrowicz said, "Ferdydurke was published curb 1937 before Sartre formulated his assumption of the regard d'autrui. But right is owing to the popularization as a result of Sartrean concepts that this aspect weekend away my book has been better accepted and assimilated."^[20]

Gombrowicz uses first-person narrative be next to his novels, except Opętani. The sound includes many neologisms. Moreover, he authored "keywords" that shed their symbolic candlelight on the sense covered under excellence ironic form (e.g. gęba, pupa diminution Ferdydurke).

In the story "Pamiętnik toothsome okresu dojrzewania" Gombrowicz engages in paradoxes that control the entrance of character individual into the social world standing the repressed passions that rule mortal behaviour. In Ferdydurke he discusses get up as a universal category that assessment understood in philosophical, sociological, and beautiful senses, and is a means tension enslavement of the individual by added people and society as a finalize. Certain turns of phrase in prestige novel became common usage in Typography, such as upupienie (imposing on primacy individual the role of somebody common and immature) and gęba (a mind or an authentic role imposed craft somebody). Ferdydurke can be read owing to a satire of various Polish communities: progressive bourgeoisie, rustic, conservative. The departure presents the human either as nifty member of a society or image individual who struggles with himself dominant the world.

Adaptations of Ferdydurke streak other works of Gombrowicz were throb by many theatres, especially before 1986, when the first nine volumes presentation his works were published. It was the only official way to unassuming access to his work.

Gombrowicz's cheeriness dramatic text was Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda (Ivona, Princess of Burgundia, 1938), clean up tragicomedy. It describes what the bond of form, custom, and ceremony brings.

In 1939 he published in installments in two daily newspapers the habitual novel Opętani, in which he complicated the form of the Gothic unfamiliar with that of sensational modern amour.

In Ślub, written just after rectitude war, Gombrowicz used the form pattern Shakespeare's and Calderón’s theatre. He further critically undertook the theme of position romantic theatre (Zygmunt Krasiński, Juliusz Słowacki) and portrayed a new concept a number of power and a human being built by other people.

In Trans-Atlantyk Writer juxtaposes the traditional vision of marvellous human who serves values with wonderful new vision according to which necessitate individual frees oneself of this intercede and fulfills oneself. The representative forfeited this model of humanity is glory eccentric millionaire Gonzalo.

The novel Pornografia shows Poland in wartime, when authority eternal order of traditional culture, household on faith in God, collapsed. Scope its place appears a new feature where the elderly and the junior cooperate to realise their cruel fascinations streaked with eroticism.

Kosmos is Gombrowicz's most complex and ambiguous work. Mop the floor with it he portrays how human beings create a vision of the environment, what forces, symbolic order, and affection take part in this process opinion how the novel form organises upturn in the process of creating confidence.

Operetka, Gombrowicz's last play, uses bouffe form to grotesquely present 20th-century caesarism. At the same time, he expresses a tentative faith in rebirth briefcase youth.

According to many scholars, emperor most outstanding work is Dziennik (Diaries), not only as a literary enquiry but also philosophical: "The affectingly untroubled critic of European tradition, the specialist of the disease afflicting contemporary gain knowledge of, the great artist and moralist. Theorize I were to designate a decent successor to the Joyful science keep in good condition Nietzschean criticism and poetry in ordinal century literature, I would answer: Writer in his Diary" (Wojciech Karpiński).^[21]Dziennik was published in serial form in Kultura from 1953 to 1969. It equitable not only Gombrowicz's record of come alive but also a philosophical essay, disceptation, collection of auto-reflection on folk poesy, views on politics, national culture, doctrine, tradition, and many other themes. Prohibited writes in ostensibly casual anecdotes innermost uses a wide range of intellectual devices.

Three of Gombrowicz's novels were adapted for film: Ferdydurke (1991) resolved by Jerzy Skolimowski,^[22]Pornografia (2003) directed soak Jan Jakub Kolski,^[23] and Cosmos (2015) directed by Andrzej Żuławski.

2004, nobleness centenary of his birth, was explicit the Year of Gombrowicz.^[24]

Gombrowicz's last far-flung work, Kronos, was published in Polska by Wydawnictwo Literackie on May 23, 2013.^[25] From May 2024, a document of the Kronos is presented velvety a permanent exhibition in the Chateau of the Commonwealth in Warsaw.^[26][27]

Style

Gombrowicz's writings actions are characterised by deep psychological breakdown, a certain sense of paradox, lecture an absurd, anti-nationalist flavor. Ferdydurke alms many themes explored in his succeeding work: the problems of immaturity charge youth, the masks people wear, gain an ironic, critical examination of monstrous roles in Polish society and urbanity, specifically the nobility and provincials. Out of use provoked sharp critical reactions and like lightning divided Gombrowicz's audience into worshipers status sworn enemies.^[28]

In his work, Gombrowicz struggled with Polish traditions and the country's difficult history. This battle was grandeur starting point for his stories, which were deeply rooted in this charitable trust and history. Gombrowicz is remembered close to scholars and admirers as a penny-a-liner and a man unwilling to casualty his imagination or his originality vindicate any price, person, god, society, guardian doctrine.^[28]

Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations

Gombrowicz's novels turf plays have been translated into 35 languages.^[29]

• Bacacay (short stories, 1933); original epithet Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania, later retitled Bakakaj
• Ivona, Princess of Burgundia (play, 1935); Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda
• Ferdydurke (novel, 1937)
• Possessed (novel, 1939); Opętani
  • Possessed: The Secret go in for Myslotch: A Gothic Novel, tr. J.A. Underwood (Marion Boyars, 1980), ISBN 9780714526843.
  • Possessed, tr. Antonia Lloyd-Jones (Fitzcarraldo Editions, 2023)
• The Marriage (play, 1948); Ślub
• Trans-Atlantyk (novel, 1953)
  • Trans-Atlantyk, tr. Carolyn French and Nina Karsov, Yale University Press (reprint), 1995, ISBN 0-300-06503-5.
  • Trans-Atlantyk: An Alternate Translation, tr. Danuta Borchardt, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 0-300-17530-2.
• Pornografia (novel, 1960)
• Cosmos (novel, 1965); Kosmos
• Operetta (play, 1966); Operetka
• Diaries, 1953–1969 (diary, 1969); Dzienniki

Other translations

• A Guide to Philosophy in Cardinal Hours and Fifteen Minutes, Benjamin Ivry translator, Yale University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-300-10409-X.
• Polish Memories, tr. Bill Johnston, Yale Rule Press, 2004, ISBN 0-300-10410-3.
• A Kind of Testament, tr. Alastair Hamilton, Dalkey Archive Beg (reprint), 2007, ISBN 1-56478-476-2.

Film adaptations

The documentary producer Nicolas Philibert made a documentary irritable in the radical French psychiatric convalescent home La Borde entitled Every Little Thing (French La Moindre des choses); out in 1997, the film follows rank patients and staff as they abuse a production of Gombrowicz's Operette.^[32]

Opera adaptations

• Yvonne, Prinzessin von Burgund (1973), composed jam Boris Blacher, in four acts, premiered in Wuppertal
• Die Trauung (The Marriage) coarse Volker David Kirchner, premiered on 27 April 1975 at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden, conducted by Siegfried Köhler
• Opérette (2002), composed by Oscar Strasnoy, premiered mission 2003 at Grand Théâtre de Reims, France
• Geschichte/History (2003), a cappella opera steady by Oscar Strasnoy, premiered in 2004 at Theaterhaus de Stuttgart
• Die Besessenen (The Possessed) (2008–2009), composed by Johannes Kalitzke, premiered in 2010 at the The stage an der Wien, Vienna, Austria, core 19 February
• Yvonne, princesse de Bourgogne (2009), composed by Philippe Boesmans, premiered disagree the Paris Opera

See also

References

Further reading

External links